130 MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-GROWING 



In addition, at least two spurs of two buds each are retained 

 near the head. With Concord, the canes may carry about 

 ten buds each, but with Catawba, as grown on the hillsides of 

 the Central Lakes Region of New York, the canes should not 

 carry above six buds each. As the shoots develop from the 

 horizontal canes, they are tied with rye straw to the middle 

 and upper wires. This summer tying is almost continuous 

 after the shoots are long enough to reach the middle wire. 



" The following year all the wood is cut away except two or 

 three canes that have developed from the basal buds of the canes 

 put up the previous year, or that have grown from the spurs. 

 In the event of a third cane being retained, it is tied along the 

 middle wire. Spurs are again maintained close to the head 

 for renewal purposes. The other two canes are tied along the 

 lower wire as before. If the same spurs are used for a few 

 years they become so long that the canes arising from them 

 reach above the wire and cannot be well managed in the ' willow- 

 ing.' It is desirable to provide new spurs annually, selecting 



those canes for 

 the purpose that 

 arise from the head 

 of the vine or near 

 it. It is possible 

 by careful pruning 

 to so cut away the 

 old wood that 

 ,., ^ , .^ , , . . practicallv all that 



Fig. 17. Keuka method of training. • V 



remams alter each 

 pruning is the stem. Thus the vine is renewed almost to 

 the ground. When the stem approaches the end of its use- 

 fulness, a shoot is allowed to grow from the ground, and the 

 old one is cut away. Figure 17 shows a vine pruned by the 

 Keuka method. 



"This method of training is especially well adapted to slow 



