152 MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-GROWING 



arrangement in a vertical plane. This arrangement is eon- 

 jsidered to be essential for the economical and easy working of 

 trellised vines. 



On the vertical or upright cordon, the arms are arranged at 

 as regular intervals as possible on all sides of the trunk from the 

 to]) to within twelve or fifteen inches of the bottom. On the 

 horizontal cordon the arms are arranged similarly, but as nearly 

 as possible on the upper side of the trunk only. 



Each of these systems may again be divided into two sub- 

 systems, according to the management of the annual growth 

 or canes. In one, spurs of one, two, or three eyes are left for 

 fruit production. This system is called short or spur pruning. 

 In the other, long canes are left for fruit production. This is 

 called long or cane pruning. In rare cases an intermediate 

 form is adopted in which long spurs or short canes of five or 

 six eyes are left. In cane pruning, each fruit cane is accom- 

 panied by one or two short renewal spurs. These must also 

 accompany half-long pruning. Systems of pruning, when only 

 long canes are left without renewal-spurs, are not in use in 

 California. In all systems, replacing-spurs are left wherever 

 and whenever needed. 



Other modifications are introduced by the manner of dis- 

 posal of the fruit canes. These may be tied up vertically to a 

 stake driven at the foot of each vine or bowed in a circle and 

 tied to this same stake, or they may be tied laterally to wires 

 stretching along the rows in a horizontal, ascending or descend- 

 ing direction. 



The different systems differ therefore in : (1) the shape, 

 length, and direction of the trunk ; (2) the arrangement of the 

 arms; (3) the use of fruit spurs or fruit canes with renew^al 

 spurs ; (4) the disposal of the fruit canes. 



The principal possibilities of the pruning are shown in the 

 following table : 



