GRAPE-PRUNING ON THE PACIFIC SLOPE 157 



flew and do not ripen evenly or well. The bowing and tying 

 of the canes requires considerable skill and care on the part of 

 the workmen. 



The body, arms, and annual pruning of the system shown in 

 Fig. 25 are similar to those of Fig. 24, with the exce})tion that 

 the arms are given a fan-shaped arrangement in one plane. It 

 differs in the disposal of the fruit canes, 

 which are supported by a trellis stretching 

 along the row from vine to vine. 



This method is largely used for the Sul- 

 tanina (Thompson's Seedless), and is the best 

 system for vigorous vines which require long 

 pruning, wherever it is possible to dispense 

 with cross cultivation. It is also suitable 

 for any long-pruned varieties when growing 

 in very fertile soil. 



Figure 26 is a photograph of a four-year- 

 old Emperor vine, illustrating the vertical 

 cordon system. It consists of an upright 

 trunk 4^ feet high with short arms and fruit 

 spurs scattered evenly and symmetrically 

 from the top to within fifteen inches of the 

 bottom. This system is used in many Em 

 peror vineyards in the San Joaquin Valley. 



Its advantages are that it allows the large 

 development of the vine and the large number of spurs which 

 the vigor of the Emperor demands, without, on the one hand, 

 crowding the fruit by the proximity of the spurs or, on the 

 other hand, spreading the vine so much that cultivation is 

 interfered with. It also permits cross cultivation. 



One of its defects is that the fruit is subjected to various 

 degrees of temperature and shading in different parts of the 

 vine and the ripening and coloring are often uneven. A more 

 vital defect is that it cannot be maintained permanently. The 



Fig. 26. Single 

 vertical cordon with 

 fruit spurs. 



