GRAPE-PRUNING ON THE PACIFIC SLOPE 165 



laterals supply the buds needed for forming the vine at the 

 winter pruning. 



The result of the second season's growth, then, has been to 

 produce a single vigorous cane with or without laterals. This 

 is the cane which is to develop into the final and permanent 

 trunk of the vine. It must not only be large and vigorous, but 

 must be properly matured. If the vine is allowed to grow too 

 late in the season, an early frost may destroy the unmatured 

 cane, and much of the results of the year's growth will be wasted. 

 Such a frost may indeed kill the entire vine. Grafted vines are 

 particularly liable to injury from this cause, as if they are killed 

 down to the union they are completely ruined. Ungrafted 

 vines when killed to the ground may be renewed from a sucker 

 next year. This sucker, however, is likely to grow with such 

 vigor that it is even more liable to injury from an autumn frost 

 than the original shoot. 



This late growth is much more likely to occur with young 

 vines than with old. The old vines stop growing earlier be- 

 cause their energies are directed into the crop, and as they 

 produce a larger amount of foliage they draw more upon the 

 moisture of the soil, which therefore dries out earlier. 



Late growth of the young vines must be prevented and the 

 wood matured before frost if possible. This is accomplished by 

 means which promote the drying of the soil in autumn. Late 

 irrigations should be avoided. Cultivation should usually 

 stop by mid-summer. In very moist, rich soils, it is often an 

 advantage to grow corn, sunflowers or similar crops between 

 the rows of vines to take off the surplus moisture. In some 

 cases it is good practice to let the summer weeds grow for the 

 same purpose. 



Second winter -pruning. 



With vines which have been treated as described and to 

 which no accident has happened, the second winter pruning is 



