174 MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-GROWING 



have been used for renewal spurs. This brings them both to 

 the same height above the ground and determines the place of 

 the permanent arms. The next year each of these spurs will 

 furnish a fruit cane and one or two renewal spurs. The arms 

 will thus in two or three years be increased to four, or, with 

 very large vines, to six. These spurs should be chosen as nearly 

 as possible in the plane of the trellis, that is, they should not 

 project out sideways. Figure 25 shows vines of this kind of 

 full size and in full bearing. 



The fruit canes also should be as nearly as possible in the 

 direction of the trellis, though this is not so important, as they 

 can be bent over to the wire when tied up, and in any case they 

 are removed the next year. 



Double-headed vines. 



Some growers attempt to arrange the arms of their vines in 

 two stages, one above the other, forming double-headed or two- 

 crowned vines. The method is applied to both vase-formed and 

 trellised vines. It is open to the same criticisms as the vertical 

 cordon, the chief of which is that it cannot be maintained 

 permanently. The lower head or ring of arms finally becomes 

 weak and fails to produce wood. 



It is easier to maintain in trellised vineyards and has some 

 advantages, the chief of which is that it makes it easier to keep 

 the vine in the single plane and to prevent arms getting into 

 the inter-rows. The double trunk is not necessary and is, in 

 fact, a disadvantage, as one trunk has a tendency to grow at 

 the expense of the other. 



Vertical and bowed canes. 



Figure 24 A shows a long-pruned \ine in which the fruit canes 

 have been tied vertically to a tall stake. This is a method used 

 commonly in many vineyards. The unit of pruning is the same 

 as in the method just described, consisting of a fruit cane and 



