188 MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-GROWING 



plant. This can be done by leaving a replacing spur at the 

 base of the trunk. If two-eye cions are used when the plants 

 are grafted and both buds grow, the shoot from the upper 

 can be used to form the main trunk, while that from the low^er 

 bud will supply the replacing spur. Each year all but one of 

 the canes coming from this spur are removed and the remaining 

 one is cut back to one or two buds until the main trunk begins 

 to be too stiff to bend down readily, then one cane from the spur 

 is left for a new trunk and another is pruned for a new renewal 

 spur. 



The main trunk is carried up only to the lower wire of the 

 trellis. At the winter pruning, two one-year canes are selected 

 to be tied along this wire, one on each side, and the two renewal 

 spurs chosen for tying up and now renewal spurs left. For 

 the best production, different varieties require different lengths 

 of fruit canes, but the work at Geneva has not progressed far 

 enough so that recommendations can be made for particular 

 varieties. It has been found best, however, to prune weak 

 vines heavily and vigorous ones lightly. Tnder normal condi- 

 tions, from four to eight ImkIs are left on each cane, depending 

 on the vigor of the \ine. With some of tlie older seedlings used 

 for stocks in 1911 which were so large that two cions were used, 

 and in many of those where the roots seemed to have sufficient 

 vigor to support the larger top, two trunks were formed, one 

 from each graft. By spreading these into a ^' and making the 

 inner arms shorter, very satisfactory results were secured. 



The type of growth in ^'inifera is dift'erent from that of 

 native grapes. The young shoots which spring from the one- 

 year canes, instead of trailing to the ground or running out 

 along the trelHs wires, grow erect. A(h'antage nuist be taken 

 of this in the pruning system adopted in the East. The canes 

 and the renewal spurs as described above are tied along the 

 lower wire ; then the young shoots which come from these 

 grow upward to the second wire. When the shoots are four to 



