228 MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-GROWING 



or even strawberries in vineyards, or adjoining vineyards, since 

 these plants afford hibernating places and food plants for 

 some of the grape insects, especially the destructive leaf- 

 hopper. Lastly, precaution should be taken by destroying all 

 wild grape-vines near vineyards, as these frequently harbor in- 

 sects and diseases, the flea-beetle finding the wild grape-vine 

 almost a necessity to its existence. 



Spraying. 



Definite rules cannot be laid down for spraying vineyards 

 the country over. The literature on this subject is plentiful 

 in any state in which grapes are largely grown, within the reach 

 of the grape-grower, and is not difficult to understand once 

 it is in hand. Every grape-grower should secure and study 

 the publications of the state experiment stations having to 

 do with the control of insects and diseases. 



The number of applications and the sprays to be used vary 

 greatly in different parts of America. On the Pacific slope the 

 only application yearly required in most vineyard regions is 

 dusting with flowers of sulfur for powdery-mildew. Several 

 other pests ma\-, howe\'er, from year to year, or in one locality 

 or another, require special treatment. In the grape regions 

 of New York, many grape-growers do not spray at all, but 

 these are usually slovens or procrastinators whose profits 

 are small and uncertain. In the grape regions of the north- 

 eastern states, orderly vineyardists spray at least once with 

 bordeaux mixture (4—4-50) in which is put three pounds of ar- 

 senate of lead, no matter how few insects and fungi are present. 

 This treatment is given soon after the blossoms fall. In more 

 southern regions it may be necessary to make a similar treat- 

 ment soon after the first leaves appear, again after the blos- 

 soms fall and every two weeks thereafter until the grapes 

 begin to turn in color, making as many as four, five or even 

 six applications in all. To these regular applications of bor- 



