200 THE GRAPES OF NEW YORK. 



The grape to which Arnold' gave the name Canada is a seedhng of 

 Chnton, a Labrusca-Riparia hybrid, fertihzed by Black St. Peters, a variety 

 of Vitis vinifera. Arnold planted the seed which produced Canada and its 

 brother Brant about i860. During the decade that followed the variety 

 was sent out as Arnold No. 16, but as it became more widely distributed 

 the name was changed to Canada. 



Vine medium to ver\' vigorous, hardy, not always healthy, usually productive. 

 Canes long, numerous, variable in size but averaging slender, nearly ash-gray at inter- 

 nodes to reddish-brown at nodes, covered with a slight blue bloom; nodes enlarged, 

 not flattened; internodes above medium to short; diaphragm of average thickness, 

 rather large ; shoots strongly pubescent ; tendrils intermittent, nearly short, trifid to bifid. 



Leaf-buds intermediate in size, short, of average thickness, conical to obtuse, open 

 rather late. Young leaves pale green with faintest trace of carmine, prevailing color 

 green on upper and lower sides. Leaves intermediate in size, medium to thin; upper 

 surface light green, nearly smooth; lower surface pale green, hairy; veins obscure; lobes 

 five in number, often obscure, terminal lobe acute to acuminate; petiolar sinus deep, 

 medium to narrow ; basal sinus variable in depth and width ; lateral sinus usually deep 

 and narrow when well defined; teeth deep, wide. Flowers occasionally on plan of six, 

 somewhat fertile to partly sterile, open moderately early; stamens upright. 



Fruit ripens in mid-season or later, keeps fairly well. Clusters intermediate in size, 

 long to medium, rather slender, uniform, often strongly cylindrical, sometimes single- 

 shouldered, very compact; peduncle short, slender; pedicel long, slender, nearly smooth; 

 brush short, light brown. Berries not uniform, average medium to small, roundish when 

 not compressed by compactness of cluster, attractive purplish-black to black, glossy, 

 covered with heavy dark blue bloom, persistent, firm. Skin thin, does not crack, rather 

 tough, adheres but slightly to the pulp, contains a slight amount of pigment, not astrin- 

 gent. Flesh rather dark green, ver}^ juicy, fine-grained, somewhat tender when fully 

 ripe, spicy, pleasant vinous flavor, nearly sweet to agreeably tart, ranking medium to 

 above in quality. Seeds separate readily from pulp, one to three, average two, intermedi- 

 ate in size and breadth, of average length, blunt, light brown; raphe completely obscure; 

 chalaza intermediate in size, slightly above center, oval, distinct, somewhat obscure. 



'Charles Arnold was born in Bedfordshire, England, in iSiS. In 1833 he removed to Paris, 

 Ontario. He was an enthusiastic hybridizer in many lines, producing a white wheat, the Ontario 

 apple, and the American Wonder pea. In 1853 he established the Paris Nurseries. Of his numerous 

 seedling grapes he gave names to Autuchon, Brant, Canada, Cornucopia and Othello. He was 

 for many years prominent in the agricultural and scientific associations of his adopted country. 

 His object in crossing grapes was to secure varieties sufficiently hardy and early for the Canadian 

 climate. In this he was in a measure successful but his crosses are so susceptible to mildew and rot 

 that their culture has been generally abandoned in both Canada and the United States. He died 

 at his home in Paris, Canada, in 1883. 



