BY PROF. DAVID, RICHARD HELMS, AND E. F. PITTMAN. 59 



R. Helms) who is familiar with some of the glacial evidences in 

 New Zealand, agrees with Dr. Lendenfeld as to the good state of 

 preservation of the glacial phenomena pointing to a comparatively 

 recent origin, at all events Post-Pliocene. In view of the fact 

 that all the Cainozoic glacial deposits of South America are now 

 considered to be Post- Pliocene, as will presently be explained, the 

 Pliocene, or even older Pliocene Age of the New Zealand 

 glacial evidences may be viewed with great caution, unless it 

 may be admitted that in the Southern Hemisphere, as in the 

 Northern, the glacial epochs of the Ice Age commenced in late 

 Pliocene time, and extended down to at least the close of 

 Pleistocene time. 



Kerguelen Island. — H. N. Moseley records e\'idence of ice 

 action at Betsey Cove and Royal Sound, Kerguelen, close to and 

 even at sea level. 



The following statement occurs in the " Challenger " Report 

 (p. 356) : — " The interesting feature in relation to these glaciers 

 is that whereas they are to-day confined to the higher valleys of 

 the higher ranges, there are abundant and indisputable evidences 

 that the whole island to and below the sea level was buried under 

 ice at a comparatively recent period. The furrows of glaciers 

 are seen wherever the island has been explored. . . . Every 

 harbour is an ice-cut fiord." 



At present, on the south side of the island where the above 

 evidence was obtained, the snow line is between 900 feet and 

 1,000 feet above sea level. 



South America. —Charles Darwin has commented on the greater 

 former extension of the glaciers at Terra del Fuego.* 



Also in the same work (pp 242-251) he ably contrasts the 

 climates of Southern South America with those of lands in 

 similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. 



The Rev. W. B. Clarke has commented on the analogy between 

 part of Chili and the Australian Alps. He says, " There is a 

 case in South America which very much resembles that of the 



* Naturalist's Voyage Round the World, p. 225. 2nd. edit., 1882. 



