1896. THE STUDY OF THE GORILLA. 31 



figures of the gorilla are given by Hartmann (40), by Wolff {Proc. 

 Zool. Soc, 1877), Bolau (10), Chapman (13), Deniker (17), Du Chaillu 

 (21), Falkenstein (25), Lenz (53), Meyer (58), and Owen (66). The 

 ear has been figured by Deniker, Ehlers, Bischoff, Hartmann, Owen, 

 Lenz, and Bolau. The hands and feet have been dealt with by 

 Hepburn (46), Chapman, Hartmann, Deniker, Bolau, Owen, Huxley 

 (49^), Lucae (54), and Hermes. There was a silly question once 

 raised whether the lower extremities were furnished with hands or 

 feet ; an index to the literature on the question is obtainable from 

 Huxley's and Lucae's articles. The hair and its changes with 

 age, as well as the pigment of the skin, and the method of its 

 appearance and manner in which it is deposited and spread over 

 the body, require some more observation, notwithstanding the 

 elaborate descriptions of Lenz (53), Alix (2), Bischoff (7), Bolau (10), 

 Chapman (13), Deniker (17), Du Chaillu (21), Ehlers (23), Famelart 

 (26), Hartmann (40), Hermes (47J, Meyer (58), Owen (66), Savage (71), 

 and Wyman (87). Measurements are given by Bischoff, Hartmann, 

 Bolau, Hermes, Deniker, Meyer, Owen, Chapman, Huxley (49^), 

 and many others, but the subject and records are both alike 

 unsatisfactory. 



Psychology. — The intellectual and emotional characters of the 

 gorilla have not been studied so much as even the few opportunities 

 have allowed. Hermes gives the best description of its habits in 

 captivity, and our knowledge of its habits in its native haunts is due 

 for the most part to Du Chaillu. For the great amount of material, 

 and the knowledge of the gorilla which he brought home, Du Chaillu 

 had little in return but malaria, quinine, and scientific abuse, so that 

 we need hardly be astonished that he has not pursued the subject 

 further. The best resume of the habits of the gorilla is still that by 

 Huxley (49^), although further information may be picked from the 

 accounts of Falkenstein (25), Famelart (26), Franquet (30), Ford (29), 

 Hartmann (43), LabouUay (51), de Langle (52), Reade (68), Reading 

 (69), Savage (71), and Walker (86). 



Distribution. — The gorilla is confined to the French and German 

 territories north of the Congo: see Hartmann (43), Savage (71), Reade 

 (68), Reading (69), Ford (29), St. Hilaire (72), and Famelart (26). 

 The extent of its distribution eastwards is unknown. 



Classification. — Of all the literature on the gorilla this part of it 

 is most marked by incompetence and prejudice. Luckily, Savage, 

 the scientific discoverer of the gorilla, had Wyman to advise him, 

 and they named it Troglodytes gorilla — regarding it as a large, sensual 

 and ferocious form of chimpanzee. That seems to me the true and 

 permanent scientific name and estimation of the gorilla. Duvernoy, 

 however, called it Gorilla tschego, Is. Geof. St. Hilaire gave the 

 name Gorilla gina, and now we have seen over the gorilla's cage at the 

 Zoological Gardens the name Anthropopithecus gorilla; who the sponsor 

 is for this appellation, we do not know. The close relationship 



