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NATURAL SCIENCE. October. 



given by Chapman (m), Dwight (123), Fick (127), Humphry (142), 

 Macalister (154), Mayer (160), Symington (76), and Wyman (215). 

 The muscles of the extremities have been very fully investigated by 

 Hepburn (45), and from the articles of Bruhl(io8) and the fine figures 

 of Barkow (90) a good deal may be learned concerning the myology 

 of these parts. The muscular anatomy of the face has been very 

 accurately worked out, although in very few specimens, by Ruge (70) 

 and Rex (69^). The muscles that act on the digits have received much 

 attention from Bischoff (100, loi), Brooks (106, 107), Keith (148), and 

 Windle (214). Records of the rectus abdominis are given by Ruge (190) 

 and Keith (148) ; of the serratus posticus and obliquus abdominis extevnus 

 by Seydel (198, 199), and of the levator ani by Lartschneider (152^). 



The above list, however formidable it may appear, in reality only 

 indicates material enough to serve as an introduction to the myology 

 of the species. The first necessity in the meantime is a thorough 

 dissection and description of one animal to serve as a basis for further 

 work, so that in detailing the dissection of any other individual one 

 would have to record only the points wherein it differed from the 

 ' type ' description, Gratiolet's is the only description that could 

 serve as a ' type,' and even it could be considerably improved upon. 

 The lists that have been drawn up of muscular characters or 

 peculiarities of the chimpanzee, or of a species or sub-species of 

 chimpanzee, are almost without exception merely lists of characters 

 peculiar to the individual that has been dissected. It is extremely 

 probable that future and more accurate work will show that the 

 myological characteristics of the anthropoids, especially of sub-species, 

 lie not in any one, or any set of constant peculiarities, but in the 

 proportion or frequency with which these peculiarities occur in a large 

 number of individuals. Besides such census-taking work, however, 

 good descriptions of the muscles of the palate, of the tongue, of the 

 pharynx, of the back, and of the penis are required. The arrange- 

 ment of the involuntary muscle of the oesophagus, stomach, bladder, 

 and rectum would also repay investigation. 



The Joints and Ligaments. — There is no thorough description of 

 the ligaments and joints of the chimpanzee. Gratiolet's (i 3 1 ) is the most 

 complete. Concerning those of the foot and ankle, see Thomson (204), 

 Humphry (142), and Aeby (88). Traill (206), Sutton (201), Macalister 

 {154), Humphry (142), and Hartmann (39), treat cursorily of some of the 

 ligaments and joints. The synovial bursae and tendinous sheaths, the 

 ligaments of the trunk and pelvis, have scarcely been touched upon. 



The Skull. — It is always an easier and more pleasant matter, 

 when one wants to consult any point in the skull or skeleton, to refer 

 to the originals in the shelves of a museum than to the descriptions 

 of them in a library. At first, when such specimens were rare and 

 costly, descriptions were necessary, but now, when they have become 

 numerous and common, descriptions, unless there is something 

 uncommon to record, are superfluous. What is really wanted is a 



