1896. THE STUDY OF THE CHIMPANZEE. 257 



Hartmann (138^), Meyer (58), and Geoffroy St. Hilaire (72) ; in fact, 

 almost every paper is accompanied by a figure, of greater or less merit, 

 of the animal dealt with by the numerous observers. The hair is black, 

 often mixed with a slight rufous tinge, and tending to become colour- 

 less in the vicinity of the openings of the body, where the skin 

 becomes continuous with the mucous membrane. The hair of the 

 face especially, but also of the other parts of the body, although it has 

 always the same arrangement, varies much in length and shade of 

 colour with the sex, the individual, the age, and probably, also, with 

 the variety. Upon the hair, its arrangement and colour, see Bartlett 

 (91), Beddard (93), Bolau (10), Broderip (105), Deniker (121), 

 Du Chaillu (122, 21), Duvernoy (22), Ehlers (23), Embleton (126), 

 Franquet (30), Fick (127), Friedel (129), Geoffroy St. Hilaire (72), 

 Giglioli (31), Gratiolet (131), Hartmann (43, 139), Issel (144), Lenz 

 (53), Martin (159), Meyer (58), Noack (171), Schlegel (193), Traill 

 (206), and Tyson (208). Pigment appears early in life in patches, 

 which gradually fuse together, until all the skin becomes of a slate or 

 melanoid tint. Remarks concerning the deposition and distribution 

 of the pigment may be picked up from most of the writers cited above, 

 especially from Du Chaillu ; but very few of them seem to appreciate 

 the fact that it is more a character of age than an indication of 

 species. Its appearance at an early stage of life may turn out to be a 

 character of only one variety. Meijere (163) has shown that the 

 hairs are grouped together in small colonies. The external con- 

 figuration of the hands and feet has received a great deal of attention : 

 see Ahx (89), Barkow (90), Duvernoy (22), Dwight (123), Embleton 

 (126), Gratiolet (131), Hepburn (46), KoUmann (150), Nissle (170^), 

 Tyson (208), and Meyer (58). Figures of the ear are given by 

 Beddard (93), Barkow (90), Du Chaillu (21), Dwight (123), Hartmann 

 (40), and Schmidt (194). Of the four anthropoids, the chimpanzee 

 retains its ear in its most pristine and fully-developed form, having 

 none of the marks of degeneration that characterise the ear of man, 

 gorilla, orang, and gibbon. It varies very considerably with the 

 individual, and on the sides of the same individual ; but it is quite 

 probable that it may turn out to be of value in assisting to characterise 

 sub-species, although it can never be of value for absolute diagnosis. 

 Measurements of the limbs and trunk have been given by the 

 following authors: Ehlers (23), Rollet (i86a), Meyer (58), Slack (73), 

 Wyman (87Z)), Owen (173), Noack (171), Marshall (158), Lucae (54), 

 Issel (144), Broderip (105), Gratiolet (131), Fick (127), Embleton 

 (126), Dwight (123), and Chapman (m). 



Psychology. — With the exception of Darwin (120) and Romanes 

 (187), scarcely anyone has attempted to analyse the mental status of 

 the chimpanzee. Mitchell (164) has also made a contribution to the 

 subject, but most of the other references apply to articles containing 

 merely passing notices of the habits and manners of the chimpanzee 

 in confinement. Du Chaillu's (21) and Reichart's (183) observations. 



