1896. THE STUDY OF THE ORANG-OUTANG. 319 



of the gorilla or chimpanzee, have been dealt with by a very great 

 number of writers — Bischoff (3), Briihl (227), Duvernoy (22), Huxley 

 (49^), Geoffroy St. Hilaire (72), Owen (264, 175), and Hartmann (40). 

 Figures or descriptions of one or more skulls are given by Abel (217), 

 Barkow (90), Bolau (10), Anderson (218), Camper (228), Fick (235), 

 Giebel(24i), Herve(245), Mayer (160), Meyer (58), and Schlegel (193). 

 Concerning the craniology of the orang skull Bischoff (8) and Delisle 

 (258) may be consulted. Certain special points of structure have been 

 studied: the nasal bones by Chudzinski (113), Maggi (255), Mayer 

 (257) ; the nasal cavities by Seydel (178) and Zuckerkandl (216) ; the 

 anterior nasal spine by Hamy (35) ; the sutures of the premaxilla by 

 Maggi (254); the posterior palatine spine by Waldeyer (211); the 

 lachrymo-ethmoidal suture by Regnault (182); the orbito-maxillary- 

 frontal suture by Thomson (205) ; the cranial capacity by Selenka 

 (277) and Keith (146). 



The Skeleton. — There has been no investigation made of a collec- 

 tion of skeletons, most descriptions being of a general nature only, 

 and drawn from a single specimen — see Blainville (223), Owen (264, 

 175), Huxley (49^), Mivart {6ia, 259), Herve (245), Duvernoy (22), 

 Vrolik (210), and Hartmann (43), Some information of value may be 

 picked from the accounts or figures of Trinchese (283), Temminck 

 (280), Schlegel (193), Meyer (58), Fick (235, 127), Camper (228), Bolau 

 (10), Blyth (224), and Barkow (90). Certain parts have been specially 

 studied, such as the sacrum by Broca (104) and Paterson (179) ; the 

 vertebral column by Cunningham (118) ; the bones of the hands and 

 feet by Lucae (54), Hartmann (138), Lazarus (153), Rosenberg (i87fl), 

 Kehrer (249), Thomson (204), and Trinchese (283) ; the manubrium 

 sterni by Keith (149). Measurements of the limb bones have been 

 given especially by Rollet (i86«), Delisle (258), and Temminck 

 (280). 



The Teeth. — Topinard's (82) description of the molar and pre- 

 molar teeth is the most complete given as yet, but the general treatises 

 of Owen, Huxley, Tomes, and the more particular descriptions of 

 Magitot (56, 57), Giebel (240), and Duvernoy (22) are well worthy of 

 reference. Abel (217), Barkow (90), and Fick (i27)add minor accounts. 

 No investigation has so far been made of the development of the 

 teeth, but recently Selenka (277) has contributed some valuable data 

 concerning the order of eruption of the dental series. Orangs' teeth 

 are much subject to variation. A form of macrodontia, sometimes 

 almost pathological, is common. Irregular and supernumerary teeth 

 are of frequent occurrence — see Selenka (277), Bateson (91), Briihl 

 (227), Lucas (253), Maggi (256), and Schmidt (195). 



The Alimentary System. — The literature on this system is brief 

 and incomplete. The arrangement of papillae and the structure of the 

 tongue have been subjects of investigation by Fick (235, 127), Mayer 

 (162), Deniker and Boulart (258), Sandifort (271), and Westling (287). 

 The rugae of the hard palate are figured by Beddard (92) and Gegen- 



