1896.. THE STUDY OF THE ORANG-OUTANG. 321 



examined by Mayer (162) ; the olfactory organ by Zuckerkandl (216), 

 and the touch papillae of the hands and feet by Kollmann (150). 



External Characters, Configuration, and Measurements.— 



There are quite a large number of very fine drawings of the orang, 

 such as those of Fick (235), Milne Edwards (258), Hermes (244), 

 Beddard (93), Schlegel and Muller (272), and a photograph of a foetus 

 by Trinchese (283). Among those that have given particular 

 attention to the characters of the hands and feet are, Abel (217), 

 Alix (89), Barkow (90), Beddard (93), Fick (235), Harwood (243) 

 Hepburn (46), Kollmann (150), Lucae (54), Trinchese (283), 

 Temminck (280), and Camper (228). The curious cheek-pads that 

 stand out as stiff flaps from the cheeks of some orangs have been 

 specially dealt with by Fick (235), Deniker and Boulart (258), 

 Temminck (280), Brooke (226), Selenka (277), and Mobius (259fl). 

 Numerous other writers give the cheek-pads a passing notice, but 

 even yet their use, constancy, and significance are unknown. The 

 hair, its colour and arrangement, has been described by most of the 

 observers just cited, and to make the list more complete one must 

 add Bolau (225), Chapman (229), Delisle (2316), Deniker (121), 

 Fitzinger (236), Friedel (129), Hartmann (40, 43), Geoffroy St. 

 Hilaire (239), Hornaday (247, 248), Meyer (58), Martin (159), Meijere 

 (163), Reuvens (184), Schlegel (193), Wallace (284, 285), Grant (142), 

 Mobius (259^), and Wenckstern (286). The peculiar arrangement of 

 the hair is due to the fact, that when the animal lies' on its side, as it 

 does in sleep, the hair acts the part of a natural thatch. The external 

 ear, which is in a more degenerate condition than the ear of any other 

 primate, man included, has been described or figured by Schwalbe 

 (275^), Barkow (90), Beddard (93), and Trinchese (283). Most of the 

 authors I have cited in this section give measurements of the length 

 of limbs and trunk, but RoUet (i86a), Wallace (284, 285), and Blyth 

 (224) enter most fully into this matter. 



Distribution. — The orang, as is well known, is confined to the 

 islands of Borneo and Sumatra, and to certain parts only of these 

 islands. Its distribution is limited to the swampy mangrove' 

 forests along the coast, especially along the estuaries of rivers. It 

 is most abundant in Borneo. Its exact distribution in that island 

 has never been worked out, but the great majority of specimens 

 come from the south-west corner, especially along the Kapuas River — 

 see Selenka (277), Wallace (284, 285), Brooke (226), Hartmann (43), 

 Hornaday (247), Mohnike (260), Schlegel and Miiller (272), 

 Rosenberg (267), and Trinchese (283). The orang is a much rarer 

 animal in Sumatra, few specimens ever coming from there, and is 

 confined chiefly to the north end of the island. Our information, 

 however, is limited, what we have being due to Abel (217), Rosenberg 

 (267), Veth (279), Wenckstern (286), and Schlegel and Muller (272). 



Pathology. — Owen (261, 263) records the lesions found in two 

 animals ; RoUet (186) and Topinard (282) found cases of bone disease ; 



