430 THE GEOLOGY OF THE NEW HEBRIDES, 



Extensive solfataras exist on the range-side of the cone. The 

 crater is stated by the Rev. W. Gray* to be elliptical in shape 

 with a circumference of quite 1 mile, and a depth of 300 ft. 

 Two main divisions separated by a rocky barrier each contain 

 several active vents, which are continuously throwing out bombs; 

 the accumulation of these ejected fragments appears to have built 

 up an inner ring round the crater, portions of which occasionally 

 slide down into the chasm below, temporarily blocking the vents. 

 Several sudden uplifts, immediately due possibly to intrusions 

 of lava, but undoubtedly primarily resulting from a continuance 

 of folding movements in the rocks below, have been reported 

 from the vicinity of the crater, resulting in the original safe 

 harbour of Port Resolution, where Capt. Cook anchored in 1774, 

 being rendered almost useless. The first of these recorded 

 happened in 1878, when, after a series of earthquake shocks, the 

 land jumped up a distance of 20 ft., and later another 12 ft. In 

 1888 severe earthquake shocks and increased activity of Yasowa 

 were again accompanied by an upheaval of the land to a height 

 of at least 30 ft. 



Dormant Volcanoes.! — Lopevi is a perfect cone in 

 shape, with a small crater situated at an elevation of 4755 ft. 

 It was reported to be ver}^ active in 1863-64, and less so again 

 about 1884. 



Parasitic cones on Ambrym break out at intervals, notably 

 one at an elevation of 1190 ft., towards the S.E. end, which is 

 known to have been active in 1888 and again in 1894. 



At the north-west end of Tongoa there is permanently hot 

 sround. In 1897 a small island was formed bv a submarine 

 volcano between this point and the island of Epi; it has, however, 

 since been reduced to a shoaL 



*From a letter addressed to Mr. H. C. Russell, B.A., C.M.G., F.R.S., 

 Government Astronomer, Sydney, then Secretary A.A.A.S. Seismological 

 Committee. 



t The Rev. S. Ella, in 1890, when enumerating the volcanoes of the Group, 

 mentions that the island of Pau Uma has one crater. We heard nothing of 

 this when in the Group; it may nevertheless be correct. 



