430 J. W. BEWS. 



important pioneers in the establishing of scrub. Several of 

 the species also are frequent in thorn veld, c f . list given above. 

 Galopina oxyspermum (f.), Anthospermum lance'o- 

 latum (f.), Mitracarpum dregeanum (o.), Rubia cor- 

 difolia (f.), climber, are herbaceous and occur near the 

 outer edge in moist places. 



DiPSACE^. — Cephalaria attenuata, herb (o.), around 

 outer margin. 



Composite:. — The only trees in the scrub proper belonging to 

 this large family are Brachyl^na elliptica (a.), B. discolor 

 (23 and 24), (a), and Tarchonanthus camphoratus (a.). 

 There are a few common climbers: Senecio tamoides 

 (95), (a.); S. macroglossus (523), (a.); S. deltoideus 

 (382), (a.) ; Vernonia angulifolia (543), (f.) ; Y. aniso- 

 cha3toides (268), (f.), and Mikania scandens (f.). 



The others are shrubby or half herbaceous: Vernonia 

 mespilifolia (f.) ; V. woodii (f.) ; Aster quinquenervis 

 (f.) ; Nidorella auriculata (a.) ; Helichrysum cymosum 

 (o.) ; H. decorum (o.) ; H. fulgidum (a.); H. teretifo- 

 lium (327), (a.) ; Cassiniaphylicifolia (a.) ; Stoebe cinerea 

 (f.) ; Athrixia phylicoides (o.) ; Pulicaria capensis (f.) ; 

 Wedelia natalensis (a.); Athanasia acerosa (l.d.) ; 

 Schistostephium crat^egifolium (f.) ; S. rotundifolium ; 

 S. sp. (Tanacetum griseum) (o.) ; S. sp, (Tanacetum 

 heptalobum) (o.) ; S. sp. (Tanacetum hippjef olium) (o.) ; 

 Senecio paniculatus (502), (f.) ; S. lanceus (f.) ; S. hastu- 

 latus (f.) ; S. decurrens (f .) ; Osteospermum monili- 

 ferum (55), (a.); 0. helichry soides (o.) ; Berkheya 

 maritima (1.) ; B. subulata (f.) ; Artemesia afra (l.d.). 



Several of the above are very important pioneers, especially 

 Artemesia afra, Athanasia acerosa, and the Vernonias. 

 These form distinct consocies in the marginal transitional 

 zone, but they are soon killed out by shading. The family, 

 as a whole, is characteristic of the extreme outer margin, the 

 species being light-demanders and relatively xerophytic, c f . 

 the Acantliacese with which they seldom mix to any extent. 

 Campanulace^e. — Lobelia coronopifolia (o.), L. radi- 



