578 REVISIONAL NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CARABIDiE, V., 



from the apex) ; generally, there are some other setae on the 

 lower side of the ligula, besides the two, anterior, sensitive 

 ones, but, these may be wanting (e.g., Helkwnidius, Dicrano- 

 glossus, and Ametroglossus) ; sometimes the lower side of the 

 ligula is pluripunctate {Gigadema hostocki, etc.) ; the inner 

 surface of the ligula is not usually setose, except near the mar- 

 gins ; but in jEnigma, there are a few long setse on the basal 

 part of the inner side, and in Neohelluo the basal half is pluri- 

 setose. Lahial palpi : the penultimate joint has always two 

 well developed setae on the inner side, and, also, some smaller 

 setules, which were ignored by Dr. G. H. Horn, when he 

 described the penultimate joint of the labial palps in the tribe 

 Helluonini as with two setae. In Gigadema nocte and allied 

 species, the elongate joint is plurisetose, with no great differ- 

 ence in development among the setae ; in H elluonidius , there 

 are four, long setae. Pi'othorax, normally with two lateral, 

 marginal, sensitive hairs; the anterior hair is always present 

 at the widest part, but, in our genera, the posterior hair 

 is generally so reduced in size, and so confused with other 

 setae, that it cannot be distinguished. Abdomen: the apical 

 ventral segment is always furnished with long "anal hairs" in 

 the extra- Australian genera : but these are only found in 

 Dicranoglossus among the genera of the Australian group. 

 Mandibles : the outer side of the mandibles is setose in the 

 Helluonini; often the setae are hardly perceptible, and placed 

 on the upper edge of the scrobe, as in ^Emgma. Nuridiiis 

 (Pterostichini) and Dioctes (Harpalini) are the only other 

 Carabs in which I have observed setae on the outside of the 

 mandibles. 



Note. — Dr. Walther Horn has indicated that, in the Cicin- 

 delidae, the primitive colour of the setae is dark ; the same thing 

 applies to the Carabidae. In the Helluonini, I have observed 

 a tendency for pale setae to appear only in H elluonidius, 

 Dicranoglossus, and ^Enigma. 



Colour : probably a more or less brownish tint was the 

 primitive colour of the Helluonini (e.g. Helluomorpha 



