BY E. C. ANDREWS. 817 



the marked upper canon-convergences. Above these points 

 basin-formation might progress but slowly. 



Fiord-, and associated canon-, basins should be carefully studied 

 with this idea in view. Our only hope lies in studying these 

 analogies, for we have ascertained, both by direct observation 

 and the mechanics of flowing water, that the drought-stream is 

 unable to utilise the flood-stream grade as a working slope : we 

 cannot hope then, in the near future, to witness another ice-flood. 



viii. Canon convergences characterised by absence of morainic 

 debris. 



ix. Great deposition of debris below and near the basin-mouths. 

 If the latest flood were enormous, so much freer from debris 

 would the basin be; if a succession of smaller floods should 

 follow, the tendency would be to fill the basin. The more nearly 

 comparable these later floods should be, in point of size, to the 

 large flood producing the basin, the farther down the basin would 

 the debris be forced, leaving the head free and deep. Absolute 

 incompetency to transport would result in delta-forming at the 

 basin-head — in a word, the gravitative thrust would be zero 

 below the local base-level. Compare in this connection Figs. 1 

 and 2. 



X. Hanging valleys associated with fiord-basins. If the fiord 

 basin result from ice-thrusts along converging caiions arranged 

 symmetrically to the axis of the main canon, then the hanging 

 valleys may occur developed equally well along either side of the 

 cailon; if the converging canon axes be unsymmetrically disposed 

 with respect to that of the main caiion, then along that side of 

 the fiord or canon facing the resultant ice-thrust one should 

 expect marked undercutting of walls, with development of corres- 

 pondingly grand hanging valley examples. Hanging valleys may 

 also be formed by the processes described in ix. 



xi. A marked inactivity of glacial-action at canon-divergence 

 (ice-diffluences). 



xii. The glaciers succeeding to a period of intense glacial 

 activity would confine their work to aggradation. The glaciers, 

 therefore, which now occupy fiord-basins will be stagnant, over- 



