BY E C. ANDREWS. 821 



into that higher up stream. We should thus even look for 

 irregularities of depth from point to point in individual basins 

 (fiords), especially at convergences and narrows. 



All broads and divergences, as opposed to cailon-narrows, 

 might be expected to hold less profound fiord-basins; in fact, one 

 would even expect to find islets amid such surroundings. 



3, Alaska . — The remarks made concerning New Zealand and 

 Korway would also apply equally well in this localit}'. The 

 Muir and Melaspina basins are, doubtless, associated either with 

 marked canon-convergences, by canon-narrowing lower down 

 stream, or other points indicative of heavy gravitative thrust. 



These brief notes ma}" serve to indicate the writer's general 

 opinion concerning fiord-basins. Of course it is very possible 

 that the glacial floods were not equally persistent in all fiord 

 lands. Each district must be considered separately. Thus, 

 suppose that a severe, or a record, ice-flood marked the last visita- 

 tion in New Zealand, while a comparatively weak flood marked 

 the Northern Fiord Ice Period. Then, in New Zealand, one would 

 expect clean troughs (fiord-basins), while in the north he would 

 expect heavy morainic deposits in the lower ends of the basins. 



Compare figs.l and 2. 



(b) European Alps, Californian Sierras, the New Zealand Alps, 

 and similar geographic regions. 



l.New Zealand. — Similar topographic contours might 

 be expected in these localities to those obtaining in the 

 fiord-regions ; the main difference being that the fiord- 

 contours are referred to main baselevel, while those of 

 the Sierras and Alps are referable to higher temporary 

 baselevels. Thus, Lakes Wakatipu, Wanaka, Te Anau, 

 Hawea, and Manawapouri in New Zealand, have contours 

 almost identical with those of the fiords on the opposite side of 

 the range; the lake-surfaces, however, are generally 1,000 feet 

 above sea-level. Hanging valleys and lake-depths are, apparently, 

 not so pronounced as in fiords. This is doubtless connected with 

 the heavy precipitation to be found in fiord-regions. In New 



