1890.] NATURAL SCIKNCICS OF PHILADELrHIA. 133 



or more above the surface. This water since 1887 has been 

 furnished through street mains to many hotels and cottages. 



Well No. 2 was a))audoned at 325 feet, on account of an 

 accident. 



Well No. 3 was then sunk to 1400 feet, or lower, but without 

 success in obtaining water. Drilling was suspended at this point 

 and the pipe is now being withdrawn in the hope of developing 

 some of the water strata that were undoubtedly passed through 

 probably in a partially closed condition.^ 



These three Avells were bored by the process usually used in rock 

 countries by means of the drill and sand pump. The succeeding well. 

 No. 4, was put down by the hydraulic method in Avhich the drill 

 has a hollow body with perforations near the cutting end. To this 

 drill, as the work proceeds, are added section after section of tubing. 

 Down this tubing water is forced by pressure through the per- 

 forations above noted and rising between the tube and the casing 

 flows out at the top, continually carrying mixed Avith it the loosened 

 material from the bottom in finely divided form. This process is 

 much used along the New Jersey coast and is well adapted to soft 

 strata and where no solid rock occurs. 



In well No. 4, water flowing above the surface was found at 328, 

 406, 429 and 554 feet. By pumping, the 328 feet level yielded 

 about 50 gallons a minute, but the 406 feet, only about five gallons. 



The water from each of these, although fresh at first, proved salty 

 on being pumped and these strata were therefore cased off. Owing 

 to the toughness of the clay, the pipe — a ten-inch one — could not be 

 driven further than 424 feet ; the boring was therefore continued 

 without casing, the walls remaining intact W'ithout such support 

 until a total depth of 578 feet was reached. In sand at 429 to 430 feet, 

 a very small flow of fresh water Avas obtained, but at 554 to 560 feet 

 a gray water-bearing sand was pierced, from which, I am informed, 

 there flowed 50 gallons a minute. By pumping, this yield was at 

 once increased to 150 gallons, and afterwards to 200 gallons. This 

 water has now been pumped several weeks. It proves pure and fresh 

 and is pleasant to the taste. 



From well No. 3, there were preserved 184 specimens of earth 

 from as many different depths. These were comj^ared with a care- 

 fully kept record of strata furnished by J. H. Moore and the upper 



' As this article was going to press information was received that a water- 

 bearing stratum was opened at about 720 feet that flowed 10 gallons a minute. 



