E. LÖNNBERG, BIRDS FROM TRANSBAICALIA AND MONGOLIA. 9 



eastern spurs of the continuations of Altai with the southern 



ranges of the Kentei-mountains. 



Aquila nipalensis a7nurensis Emheriza aureola 



Parus atricapillus haicalensis » leucocephala 



In addition to these notes Mr. Bamberg has also com- 

 municated the folloAving report about the landscape in general. 

 »The natural conditions are like those of a genuine mountai- 

 nous highland, extending all över Southern Trans-Baicalia 

 and Northern Mongolia. The forests of the mountains of 

 the north western parts consist mostly of Siberian mountain- 



Fig. 8. Sandsteppe with a sparse growth of grass and isolated pines at Urga. 



pine (Pinus cemhra), also called Siberian cedar, Siberian 

 larch (Larix sihirica), Siberian spruce (Abies sihirica) 

 and common pine {Pinus silvatica), also white birches 

 and yellow-leaved acacias. Further south the birch and 

 the »cedar» disappear and are entirely substituted by 

 pines. From Chara river and southwards the mountains 

 have no trees at all on their southern slopes, because the 

 burning heat of the sun scorches everything during the 

 summer. The rocks stånd there quite naked, as red, grey, 

 sulphur-yellow, or greenish masses from which the rains 

 and the storms have swept away sand and earth, merely 



