1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 77 



bi'a or hi, the heart, 



-bite, an affix frequent in animal names; as momfhitc, owl, and tu'ko- 



hitc, wildcat. 

 pam'hi, head ; from pam {pa, top, -m, adj. ending) and bi. 

 iim'pi, mouth. 



This particle was, it seems, formerly the ending in the names of some 

 parts of the body now designated by different terms, in some of which 

 the particle no longer occurs. Thus for head there was a more ancient 

 term, tso'pi, the first syllable of which is now alone used as indicated 

 under 7. Foot, now designated by namp, seems to have had another 

 name, da' pi; and similarly with hand, for which the present term moq 

 was apparently preceded by ma'bi or mam'bi. The firet syllables in 

 these are used in similar way to tso, as indicated under 5 and 6. 



9. wa as a verbal particle means to bend, to turn aside, to wriggle. 

 Probably secondarily it means to produce, etc. Hence in some 

 Shoshone dialects, used alone, it means infant, young. It is frequent in 

 names of animals, where its primary use would seem to be to indicate 

 a young animal, or an animal so regarded. 



ai'wa, a fawn. 

 wa'hi, a worm. 



10. T, s, ts, tc, tci, and k are noun endings, the exact force of which 

 need not be here discussed. 



11. N or m added to a noun converts the latter into an adjective. 

 For example: 



pa, water; pam, aquatic. 

 ni'wa, liver; ni'ivam, hepatic. 



When a merely phonetic difference exists between words as used in 

 Skull Valley and Deep Creek, the pronunciation of the former is fol- 

 lowed, that of the latter being readily derivable from it. The values 

 of the different letters as used in the present paper are indicated below. 



a, e, i and o when unmarked are given their usual long sound in 

 European tongues. 



a is sounded hke a in fat. 



e is sounded like e in met. 



i is sounded hke i in pit. 



u is sounded like u in butter. 



ii is sounded like ii in German miide or as u in the French lune. 



u is sounded like oo in boot. 



ai is sounded like ai in German Kaiser or i in bite. 



