PHYTOLOGY. 



SCOTTISH GALLS. 



By J. W. H. TRAILL, M. A. 



( Contin tied from page 155. ) 



Galium verum L. — (a) Gall irregular in shape and often split 

 open, the surface smooth and shining, as if rubbed with 

 butter, colour pinkish ; galls usually in small groups on 

 the stem, (b) Gall (?) on the leaf shoot, terminal, and 

 consisting of a bunch of leaves twisted spirally, those on 

 the outside green and fresh, but those inside withered, 

 empty in third week of September ; not common. On the 

 links near Old Aberdeen a very common gall-like body also 

 occurs abundantly on the fruit ; it is greenish ; the surface is 

 naked, but wrinkled, and the form irregular; it varies in 

 size, but is frequently pretty large. I never could find an 

 occupant in it. 



Galium palustre L. — The gall is terminal, and consists of a 

 compact rosette of leaves, which are slightly fleshy, and of a 

 purplish colour. It is readily observed ; on close examina- 

 tion, one whitish or reddish-orange dipterous larva may be 

 found in each rosette. 



Galium boreale L. — The gall is usually axillary, sometimes 

 terminal j and is seemingly an abortive leaf-bud. It is small 

 and compact, and consists of overlapping scales, which en- 

 close a small central cavity. The surface is greyish-green 

 and is covered with short hairs. Each contains one reddish- 

 orange dipterous larva. Often several galls occur on one 

 plant. Occurs abundantly at Banchory, in September. 



Carduus arvensis Curtis. —The gall is terminal, and is seem- 

 ingly an abortive flower-bud. It is greyish and hairy exter- 

 nally, and internally consists of small bracts with much 



