The Scottish Naturalist. 165 



the west, to eastern Siberia on the east, and northern Persia 

 and northern Africa — as well as Madeira and the Canary 

 Islands — on the south. The " Territorial " Type includes 

 all the species found in all the countries of the European 

 Fauna; the "European," species occurring throughout Eu- 

 rope proper, but not throughout all the countries of the 

 European Fauna ; " Central " means that the metropolis is 

 in the Central countries of Europe ; " Centro-septentrional," 

 that the distribution is from the centre northwards ; so in like 

 manner " Centro-meridional," "—oriental," "—occidental," from 

 the centre to the south, east, or west, as the case may be. On 

 the other hand, "Septentriono — ," "Meridiono — ," "Oriento — ," 

 or " Occidento-central," implies that the supposed metropolis of 

 the species is in the north, south, east, or west (as the case may 

 be), with an inclination towards the central countries. "North- 

 ern," "Southern," "Eastern," or "Western," require no special 

 explanation. " Alpine" implies that the species has its metropolis 

 on the mountains of Central Europe ; "Alpine and boreal," that 

 having its metropolis on the mountains of central Europe, the 

 species has at some period reached northern Europe and having 

 found appropriate conditions, has established itself there ; "Bo- 

 real and alpine" of course means the converse. It may be here 

 remarked that a species which can only find the appropriate 

 conditions for existence at a high elevation on the Alps, finds 

 the same conditions at sea-level in the North, and in intermedi- 

 ate localities at an altitude, of course, varying with the propin- 

 quity to the Alps, or to the North. The altitudes vary in dif- 

 ferent species. When a species is confined or nearly confined 

 to a single country, the type is of that country, e.g. " Scottish," 

 " British," &c. Fuller particulars as to the range of the species 

 will be found in the above-mentioned "Catalog" by Dr. Staudinger. 

 In connection with the " Type" a word or two may be said 

 as to the "Derivation" of our species. Comparatively few 

 species have originated in Britain ; the majority came from 

 Central Europe at the time when land communication with the 

 continent still existed. In those cases where the derivation 

 seems to have been different, the probable origin is indicated. 

 I may here mention that there is an excellent paper on this 

 subject, by Dr. Jordan, in the " Entomologist's Monthly Maga- 

 zine," (vol. viii. p. 45). 



