1 66 The Scottish Naturalist. 



The " Type in Britain" shows the character of the species as 

 far as Britain only is concerned. Thus the " British" Type 

 includes all species that range throughout Britain; the "English," 

 species that are more especially southern, but which reach the 

 south of Scotland ; "Scottish," those that have their metropolis 

 in Scotland, and become rare or disappear towards the south ; 

 " Intermediate," those that occur in North England and South 

 Scotland, becoming rare farther north or south ; " Alpine," true 

 mountain species. The Types in Britain are for the most part 

 the same as those adopted by Mr. Jenner Fust in the paper 

 cited above. 



The Times of Appearance, both of the Imago and of the 

 Larva are briefly noticed. The dates are chiefly from my own 

 notes taken in Scotland, supplemented from other sources. I 

 have especially to thank Mr. W. Buckler for information on this 

 subject. At one time I thought of comparing the range of the 

 species and of the food-plant, but finding that in most instances 

 they did not correspond, and that probably where one food-plant 

 ceased to occur, its place was taken by some other (allied) plant, 

 I have only done so in a few instances. 



The record of the occurrence of Varieties or Aberrations 

 is an essential part of the list. These terms are used in the Stau- 

 dingerian sense, and may be thus defined. A " variety," or 

 local race, is a definite and permanent form occupying the place 

 of the typical form in a locality. In many cases these races 

 are considered by some authors to be distinct species, and 

 it may, perhaps, be not unreasonable to believe that in course 

 of time, and by continued development of their peculiarities, 

 they may become distinct species. A very great interest is thus 

 attached to these varieties. In the case of some species, Dr. 

 Staudinger is in doubt whether to consider them distinct species 

 or more fully developed varieties : to these he applies the term 

 " Darwinian species." An "aberration" is a form occurring in 

 the same locality as the typical form. It may be constant, and 

 occur frequently ; on the other hand, it may be found once, and 

 never be reproduced again. It is to the constant and occasion- 

 ally-occurring form that I think the term " aberration " should 

 be restricted, the other forms partaking more of the character 

 of monstrosities or " sports." It should be noticed, also, that 

 what is the " variety," or local race in one country, may occur 



