54 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



those, as of these, is siaiply infinite. There are others in whom it is 

 an overpowering passion ; happy men, born with the productive, or, 

 at lowest, the appreciative, genius of the artist. But, in the mass 

 of mankind, the aesthetic faculty, like the reasoning power and the 

 moral sense, needs to be roused, directed, and cultivated ; and I know 

 not why the development of that side of his nature, through which 

 man has access to a perennial spring of ennobling pleasure, should 

 be omitted from any comj^rehensive scheme of university education. 



All universities recognize literature in the sense of the old rhetoric, 

 which is art incarnate in Avords. Some, to their credit, recognize art 

 in its narrower sense, to a certain extent, and confer degrees for pro- 

 ficiency in some of its branches. If there are doctors of music, why 

 should there be no masters of painting, of sculpture, of architecture ? 

 I should like to see professors of the fine arts in every university; and 

 instruction in some branch of their work made a part of the arts cur- 

 riculum. 



I just now expressed the opinion that, in our ideal university, a 

 man should be able to obtain instruction in all forms of knowledge. 

 Now, by " forms of knowledge " I mean the great classes of things 

 knowable ; of which the first, in logical, though not in natural, order 

 is knowledge relating to the scope and limits of the mental faculties of 

 man ; a form of knowledge which, in its positive aspect, answers 

 pretty much to logic and part of psychology, while, on its negative 

 and critical side, it corresponds with metaphysics. 



A second class comprehends all that knowledge which relates to 

 man's welfare, so far as it is determined by his own acts, or what we 

 call his conduct. It answers to moral and religious philosophy. 

 Practically, it is the most directly valuable of all forms of knowledge, 

 but, speculatively, it is limited and criticised by that which precedes 

 and by that which follows it in my order of enumeration. 



A third class embraces knowledge of the phenomena of the uni- 

 verse, as that which lies about the individual man ; and of the rules 

 which those phenomena are observed to follow in the order of their 

 occurrence, which we term the laws of ^N'ature. 



This is what ought to be called natural science, or physiology, 

 though those terms are hopelessly diverted from such a meaning ; 

 and it includes all exact knowledge of natural fact, whether mathe- 

 matical, physical, biological, or social. 



Kant has said that the ultimate object of all knowledge is to give 

 replies to these three questions : What can I do ? What ought I to 

 do? What may I hope for? The forms of knowledge whicli I have 

 enumerated should furnish such replies as are within human reach, to 

 the first and second of these questions. While to the third, perhaps, 

 the wisest answer is, " Do what you can to do what you ought, and 

 leave hoping and fearing alone." 



If this be a just and an exhaustive classification of the forms of 



