The Scottish Naturalist. 169 



markings strongly carried out in reddish-yellow ; the under wing > 

 a dark gray, with a tinge of red; head and thorax covered with 

 red and yellow hairs ; the fringes of both wings also a red-yellov - 

 This specimen, at the first glance, could scarcely be distinguish!, d 

 from a small female, if it were not characterised as a male by the 

 form of the wings and by the hair-tuft on the hinder tibiae. 



2. Upper wings yellow ; the female markings are indicated in a 

 red-brown instead of red-yellow ; under wings a gray-black, with a 

 scarcely perceptible suffusion of white ; head and thorax with red- 

 brown hairs, and both wings bordered with red-brown. 



3. Upper wings dark yellow, with the female markings in 

 brown ; under wings a blackish-gray, with a white suffusion ; both 

 wings bordered with brown ; head and thorax with yellow-brown 

 hairs. 



4. Upper wings white ; veins dusted with yellow-brown ; the 

 female markings a dirty brown ; under wings gray, with a dense 

 white suffusion, so that the ground-colour is merely indicated; 

 both the wings bordered with black-brown ; head and thorax with 

 yellowish-gray hairs. 



All four specimens have the wings blackish below, with white 

 specks, just as in the small white male of the type-form. 



In the aberrations described the markings of the female are 

 clearly perceptible, but one also finds small white males in which 

 the female markings are discernible only in pale yellow. Entomo- 

 logist, 1880 ; plate 3, figs. 4 and 6. 



The pure white form of the male of Hepialus Humuli, which, as 

 mentioned before, is prevalent in the islands, and which also I had 

 here for comparison, is distinguished from our native specimens, 

 and from those of the Upper Harz, by the dark grayish-yellow 

 hairs on the head and thorax, and in both also the wings have 

 almost black borders. The female shows only a somewhat cloudier 

 yellow than in German specimens. It appears to be the view of 

 English inquirers that, at first, both the sexes were of the same 

 colour, that therefore the ab. Hethlandica was the primitive 

 male form, and that a modification into the white form of the male 

 had taken place through sexual selection. Vide Jenner Weir, 

 Entomologist, 1880, pp. 251. Time of flight is June and July. 



* 6. Hepialus Velleda Hb. var. Wk. Norv. Alp. ; Sch. Fen.; 

 FreyAlp.; Stdfs. Sil. Mont.; H. Here. Mont.; Spr. Verbr. Lap. 



The Shetland form is very different from that of our Lowlands ; 



