i893. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES. 281 



as to hide the absurdity : and the falsity of that figure has 

 gained for it admission into modern text-books written also 

 under domination of the same false idea, while Owen's figure 

 has been mutilated so as to make it reconcilable with a view 

 which it was intended by Owen to disprove (9). 

 The spread of error is largely due to the domination of ideas (not 

 invariably false !), and is possible only in a world of uncritical 

 compilers and credulous readers and hearers. 



REFERENCES. 



1. Marey. — Le Vol des Oiseaux, fig. 22. 



2. Marshall and Hurst. — Practical Zoology, fig. 73. 



3. Dames. — Ueber Archasopteryx. Pala?ontologische Abhandlungen heraus- 



gegeben von W. Dames und E. Kayser, Bd. ii. , Heft. 3, p. 38. 



4. Owen. — On the Archaopteryx of von Meyer. Phil. Trans., 1863.pl. ii., figs. 1, 57 



(also pi. i.) 



5. Huxley. — American Addresses, p. 69. 



6. . — Anatomy of the Vertebrated Animals, 1871, pp. 291, 292. 



7. Morse. — On the Tarsus and Carpus of Birds. Ann. Lyceum of Nat. Hist. .Vet. 



York, vol. x., 1872. 



8. Parker, W. K.— The Morphology of the Duck and Auk Tribes. Royal Irish 



Academy, "Cunningham Memoirs," vi., pp. 29 and 82. But see also first 

 paragraph on p. 95. The " %'estige" in question is marked m 4 in pi. 5, figs. 

 7, 12, and 13 ; in pi. 8, fig. 7; and in pi. 9, figs. 3 and 7. 



9. Zittel. — Handbuch der Palasontologie, i. Abth., Palaeozoologie, Bd. iii., p. 821. 



10. Yogt. — Archaopteryx ma crura. Revue Scientifique, ser. 2, torn, ix., p. 241, 1879. 



A translation, illustrated by a photographic plate, is to be found in The 

 Ibis, ser. iv., vol. iv., p. 434, Oct., 1880. 



11. Dames. — Op. cit. (3 supra), pp. 31 and 57 ; also fig. B, p. 59. 



12. Steinmann and Doderlein. — Elemente der Palasontologie, unter Mitw. 



von L. Doderlein bearbeitet von G. Steinmann. The figure is reproduced 

 in Zittel {op. cit., Bd. iii., p. 822), in Credner's Elemente der Geologie, p. 61G, 

 in Simroth's Entstehung der Landtiere, p. 376, and elsewhere. 



C. Herbert Hurst. 



