]6 ARKIV FÖR ZOOLOGI. BAND 3. NiO 9. 



ding to bis view, »the red deer of Scotland and Norway» — 

 which he, not having had the opportunity of more olosely 

 comparing them, appears to regard as identical — »joined 

 the preglacial Siberian immigration in France» (1. c. p. 110). 

 And about the lat ter he says on the foregoing page (1. c. p. 

 109) that it »took place early. probably before the first g]a- 

 ciation had reached its maximum». Then he enumerates certain 

 members of this immigration which »penetrated westward to 

 France (and the Pyrenean peninsula) and över the then 

 continuous England, Treland and Scotland to western Nor- 



way» . Without discussing the possibility of, whe- 



ther such an immigration in preglacial time from Scotland 

 to Norway has taken place or not I must maintain as an 

 established geological fact that at the time of the first great 

 glaciation the existence of any terrestrial organic life in 

 Scandinavia was utterly impossible, not to talk of red deer 

 which need a rather temperate climate and certainly could 

 not survive in an arctic one. Probably the situation was 

 just as bad during the second glaciation. In addition to 

 thi? must be men tion ed that from the time of the first gla- 

 ciation and until the ice almost completely had melted 

 away in the Ancylus-epoch there was not only not a land- 

 connection between Scotland and Norway but the southern 

 part of Scandinavia (including Denmark) was more depres- 

 sed than it is now and thus the North Sea and Skagerack 

 formed a barrier against the distribution of terrestrial 

 mammals from Scotland to Norway even more effective than 

 it is in the present day. During the Ancylus-epoch the 

 upheaval of the land made itself known chiefly in Den- 

 mark and southern Sweden. The sea between Norway and 

 Scotland remained practically as broad as it is now, and then 

 came the Littorina-epoch with a decided depression and fi- 

 nally the present time. It has accordingly not been 

 possible for the red deer of Scotland to pass on any direct 

 land bridge to Norway. I must therefore disagree with my 

 friend Dr. Stejneger concerning this matter. I suppose 

 that he has been led in promoting the theory quoted above 

 by his belief that the scotch and norwegian red deer belon- 

 ged to an identical, small and small-antlered race but, as 

 has been proved by the descriptions above, this is not the 



