346 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



moreover, take photographs of Venus, Jupiter, Mars, and Saturn, show- 

 ing much detail, and capable of being enlarged to half an inch in 

 diameter. These planetary photographs will be of great use, as re- 

 cording in unmistakable characters the true position and aspect of 

 these planets and their satellites at different known epochs. 



The foregoing sketch will show that in constructing this new in- 

 strument Mr. Common has contributed in a most important degree to 

 the advancement of astronomy. — Popular Science Bevieio. 



THE MORAL SENSE IN THE LOWER ANIMALS.* 



Bt W. LAUDER LINDSAY, F. R. S. E. 



ALL the ordinary definitions of what is variously called in man 

 the moral sense — sentiment, feeling, faculty, or instinct — apply, 

 though not necessarily equally, in the same degree, with quite the 

 same sense or force, to an equivalent mental attribute or series of 

 psychical qualities in other animals, and which attribute or qualities 

 in other animals there is no good reason for distinguishing by any 

 other name, simply because they are to be found in animals zoologi- 

 cally lower than man. 



Thus the moral sense in man has been defined by different classes 

 of authors to be, or to include — 



1. A knowledge, appreciation, or sense of — 



a. Right and torong. 



h. Good and evil.. 



c. Justice and injustice. 



2. Conscience, involving feelings of approbation or the reverse in 

 relation to ideas of right and wrong, 



3. The approval of what is conducive to well-being, and the disap- 

 proval of the reverse. 



4. Sense of duty and of moral obligation. 



5. Appreciation of the results of honesty and dishonesty. 



6. Virtue or virtuousness, including especially such moral virtues 

 as conscientiousness, scrupulousness, integrity, compassion, benevo- 

 lence, fidelity, charity, mercy, magnanimity, disinterestedness, chas- 

 tity, modesty. 



There is not one of these moral qualities that is not possessed, 

 sometimes in a high degree, by certain of the lower animals, and more 

 especially the dog ; and there are many authors, who have been desir- 

 ous of drawing marked psychical distinctions between man and other 

 animals, who have nevertheless felt themselves compelled by the evi- 



* From advance sheets of " Mind in the Lower Animals." By W. Lauder Lindsay, 

 M. D., F. R. S. E., etc. 2 vols. In press of D. Appleton & Co. 



