366 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



lie matter in solution. After a slow saturation, the substances were 

 dried, and exposed to heat until the organic matters were burned. In 

 this way Goppert successfully imitated various processes of petrifaction, 

 and explained many things in regard to fossils that had previously been 

 in question. His discovery of the remains of plants throughout the 

 interior of coal did much to clear up the doubts about the formation 

 of that substance. In 1841 Goppert published an important work in 

 which he compared the genera of fossil plants with those now living. 

 In 1852 another extensive work by this author appeared, entitled "Fos- 

 sile Flora des Uebergangs-Gebirges." 



Andrae, Braun, Dunker, Ettingshausen, Geinitz, and Goldenberg, 

 all made notable contributions to fossil botany in Germany during the 

 period we are now considering. 



The systematic study of invertebrate fossils, so admirably begun 

 by Lamarck, was continued actively in France. The Tertiary shells of 

 the Seine Valley were further investigated by Defrance, and especially 

 by Deshayes, whose great work on this subject was begun in 1824.* 

 Des Moulins's essay on " Spherulites " in 1826, Blainville's memoir on 

 " Belemnites " in 1827, Ferussac's various memoirs on land and fresh- 

 water fossil shells, were valuable additions to the subject. A later 

 work of great importance was D'Orbigny's " Paleontologie Fran9aise," 

 1840-44, which described the mollusca and radiates in detail, accord- 

 ing to formations. The other publications of this author are both nu- 

 merous and valuable. Brongniart and Desmarest's " Histoire naturelle 

 des Crustaces Fossiles," published in 1822, is a pioneer work on this 

 subject. Michelin's memoir on the fossil corals of France, 1841-'46, 

 was another important contribution to paleontology. Agassiz's works 

 on fossil Echinoderms and Mollusks are valuable contributions to the 

 science. The works of D'Archiac, Coquand, Cotteau, Desor, Edwards, 

 Haime, and De Verneuil, are likewise of permanent value. 



In Italy, Bellardi, Merian, Michellotti, Phillipi, Zigno, and others, 

 contributed important results to paleontology. 



In Belgium, Bosquet, Nyst, Koninck, Ryckholt, Van Beneden, and 

 others have all aided materially in the progress of the science. 



In England, also, invertebrate fossils were studied with care, and 

 continued progress was made. Sowerby's " Mineral Conchology of 

 Great Britain," in six volumes, a systematic work of great value, was 

 published in 1812-'30, and soon after was translated into French and 

 German. Its figures of fossil shells are excellent, and it is still a stand- 

 ard work. Miller's " Natural History of the Crinoidea," published at 

 Bristol, in 1821, and Austin's later monograph, are valuable for refer- 

 ence. Brown's " Fossil Conchology of Britain and Ireland " appeared 

 in 1839, and Brodie's " History of the Fossil Insects of England " in 

 1845. Phillips's illustration of the geology of Yorkshire, 1829-'36, and 



* " Description des Coquilles Fossiles des Environs de Paris," 3 vols., Paris. 1824-'3'7. 



