374 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY . 



to his discovery of "natural selection," Darwin was fortunate in 

 having so able and bold an expounder as Huxley, who was one of the 

 first to adopt his theory and give it a vigorous support. Huxley's 

 masterly researches have been of great benefit to all departments of 

 biology, and his contributions to paleontology are invaluable. Among 

 the latter, his original investigations on the relations of birds and rep- 

 tiles are especially noteworthy. His various memoirs on extinct rep- 

 tiles, amphibians, and fishes belong to the permanent literature of the 

 subject. The important researches of Owen on the fossil vertebrates 

 have been continued to the present time. He has added largely to his 

 previous publications on the British fossil reptiles, birds, and mam- 

 mals, the extinct reptiles of South Africa, and the Jjost-Tertiary birds 

 of New Zealand. His description of the ArchcmpUryx, near the begin- 

 ning of the period, was a most welcome contribution. 



The investigations of Egerton on fossil fishes have likewise been 

 continued with important results. Busk, Dawkins, Flower, and San- 

 ford have made valuable contributions to the history of fossil mam- 

 mals. Bell, Giinther, Hulke, Lankester, Newton, Powrie, Miall, Tra- 

 quair, and Seely have made notable additions to our knowledge of 

 reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. Among invertebrates, the Crustacea 

 have been especially studied by Jones, Salter, and Woodward. Da- 

 vidson, Etheridge, Lycett, Morris, Phillips, Wood, and Wright have 

 continued their researches on the mollusks ; Duncan, Nicholson, and 

 others have investigated the extinct corals ; and Binney, Carruthers, 

 and Williamson the fossil plants. Numei'ous other important contri- 

 butions have been made to the science in Great Britain during the 

 present period. 



On the Continent the advance in paleontology has, during the last 

 two decades, been equally great. In France, Gervais continued his 

 memoirs on extinct vertebrates nearly to the present date ; while 

 Gaudry has published several volumes on the subject that are models 

 for all students of the science. His work on the fossil animals of 

 Greece is a perfect monograph of its kind, and his later publications 

 are all of importance. Lartet's various works are of permanent value, 

 and his application of paleontology to archreology brought notable 

 results. The volume of Alphonse Milne-Edwards on fossil Crustacea 

 was a fit supplement to Brongniart and Desmarest's well-known work ; 

 while his grand memoir on fossil birds deserves to rank with the 

 classic volumes of Cuvier. Duvernoy, Filhol, Hebert, Sauvage, and 

 others have also published interesting results on fossil vertebrates. 



Van Beneden's researches on the fossil vertebrates of Belgium 

 have produced results of great value. Pictet, Riitimeyer, and Wie- 

 dersheim in Switzerland ; Bianconi, Carnalia, Forsyth-Major, and Sis- 

 monda in Italy ; and Nodot in Spain, have likewise published impor- 

 tant memoirs. The extinct vertebrates have been studied in Germany 

 by Von Meyer, Carus, Fraas, Giebel, Ileckel, Ilaase, Hensel, Kayser, 



