478 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



parsonage or a scboolhouse must be built, it is done, not by the minis- 

 ter or teacher, but by the people. The oak-bark is often worth more 

 than all the rest of the wood of a forest. In starting pine-forests the 

 cones are planted thickly in furrows, and, after the first weeding-out, 

 are left untouched for ten years, at which time alternate trees are cut. 

 This process is repeated every five years, till at the end of thirty years 

 all the trees are cut ; the successive cuttings being divided among the 

 corporators. 



When any one wishes to build a house in E , he sends word to 



the village court, describing the kind of house and where it is to be 

 constructed. Notices are then posted in the village, and, if no one sends 

 written objections to the coui't before the expiration of fifteen days, the 

 building is allowed, and can not be interfered with. It will be seen 



that the population of E consists of two classes : the few more 



fortunate, who possess village rights, and draw from these an income 

 which considerably increases their comfort ; and tbe less fortunate, but 

 more numerous, who possess no share in the communal property. But 

 no social distinction, so far as I could see, obtains between these two 

 classes. 



MAPS AND MAP-MAKING BEFOEE MEKCATOE* 



By CHAELES P. DALY, LL. D. 

 \ABBIBGMENT OF AN ADDRESS BEFORE THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.] 



THE materials for the history of cartography, or the art of map- 

 making, are scanty. I propose to give a brief account of what 

 we knew about it before the time of Gerard Krehmer, better known 

 by his Latinized name of Mercator, who produced a large map of the 

 world more than three centuries ago. 



It is generally thought that the art of pictorial representation is older 

 than the art of writing, and, if this be so, it is probable that the art of 

 representation by maps is very ancient. Such delineations are in use 

 among very primitive peoples. The Esquimaux understood the charts 

 of Parry and Ross, and the North American Indians make rude maps, 

 which they find seiwiceable to them. 



One of the eai-liest things known in the nature of a map is the 

 ground-plan of a town, now in the Koyunjik Gallery of the British 

 Museum, which has been identified by Mr. Loftus as representing with 

 minute accuracy the ground-plan of Susa, the Shushan of the Bible, 

 a city of remote antiquity, situated on one of the streams that flow 



* The Early History of Cartography ; or, What we know of Maps and Map-making 

 before the Time of Mercator. Address before the American Geographical Society in 

 1819, by Chief-Justice Charles P. Daly, President of the Society. 



