232 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



were for the most part international : Of articles connected with the 

 leather industry, held in Berlin, in 1877; of all kinds of paper and 

 pasteboard, held in Berlin, in 1878; of fisheries, held in Berlin, in 

 1880; of electricity, held in Paris, in 1881; of geography, held in 

 "Venice, in 1881; of cotton, held in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1881; of 

 early data in American history, held in Madrid, in 1881; of fisheries, 

 held in London, in 1883 ; of historical matters pertaining to Columbus 

 and the discovery of America, held in Madrid, in 1892; and of 

 hygiene, including chemical, pharmaceutical, and sanitary objects, 

 held in Naples, in 1894. 



Similarly there has been a development in the United States from 

 local fairs, such as those of the various mechanics' institutes, typical 

 of which is the one held annually since 1828 in New York city under 

 the auspices of the American Institute, into interstate expositions. 

 Of these, since 1880, the following have been held: Cincinnati In- 

 dustrial Exposition, Cincinnati, Ohio, September 30 to October 4, 

 1883; Southern Exposition, Louisville, Kentucky, August 16 to 

 October 25, 1883; World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Ex- 

 position, New Orleans, Louisiana, December 16, 1883, to June 30, 

 1884; Central Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States, Cin- 

 cinnati, Ohio, July 4 to October 7, 1888; California Midwinter 

 Fair, San Francisco, California, January 1 to July 4, 1894; Cotton 

 States and Industrial Exposition, Atlanta, Georgia, September 18 

 to December 31, 1895; Tennessee Centennial Exposition, Nashville, 

 Tennessee, May 1 to October 31, 1897; and Trans-Mississippi Inter- 

 national Exposition, Omaha, Nebraska, June 1 to November 1, 1898. 



Of the foregoing, the more important were those held in New 

 Orleans, in 1884; in San Francisco, in 1894; in Atlanta, in 1895; in 

 Nashville, in 1897, and in Omaha, in 1898; especially so from the 

 fact that all of these received recognition by the Government; and, 

 with the exception of that held in San Francisco, liberal appropria- 

 tions were made for their support by Congress. Moreover, at each 

 of them, excepting again that held in San Francisco, a special Govern- 

 ment building was erected in which the national Government made 

 exhibits of the workings of the several executive departments, to- 

 gether with the Smithsonian Institution and its dependencies and 

 the Fish Commission. 



The first named, that of New Orleans, was held as a celebration 

 of the centenary of the cotton industry in the United States. The 

 first record of cotton as a factor in the foreign trade of this country 

 appeared in the shipment in 1784 of six bags, amounting to about 

 one bale, from Charleston, South Carolina, Audubon Park was the 

 site on which the buildings were erected. 



The exposition held in San Francisco, in 1894, had for its purpose 



