588 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



mann, Pallas, Poli, Blumenbach, F. Cuvier, and Fischer von 

 Waldheim. Charles Bell, though a human anatomist, is too 

 important to be omitted. Other anatomists active early in 

 the century are Froriep, G. Duvernoy, G. Vrolik, Oken, Spix, 

 Blainville, Bojanus, Dufour, and C. G. Carus. Several of the 

 above workers, however, are but at the outset of their career, 

 and figure more prominently at a later date. The Scots 

 anatomist Fyfe published his Outlines of Comparative Anatomy 

 in 1 813, and Bojanus an Introductio in Anatomiam comparatum 

 in 1815. 



It is here necessary to digress in order to consider a new 

 factor in the situation. So far the old method of publication 

 by book and pamphlet had survived in spite of vital and 

 manifest drawbacks. It meant that unless an author had 

 much to say, he had little opportunity of saying it. It sup- 

 pressed the short and important paper, but offered no bar to 

 verbose incapacity. It worked slowly, and imposed a financial 

 burden on author and public. In the matter of publicity it 

 left too much to the bookseller, and there was no organised 

 attempt to exchange and circulate scientific literature. The 

 remedy for all this was the periodical publication, in which 

 short communications were encouraged, which abbreviated the 

 delays and expense incidental to books, and by the co-opera- 

 tion and fellowship of interested opinion ensured a wide and 

 speedy circulation. It may, in fact, be claimed that science 

 could not have made the advance that it has but for the recog- 

 nition of the periodical as the most convenient and efficient 

 method of encouraging research. As it happens this was the 

 method first hit upon, but the workers of the time were few 

 and scattered, and spent an opulent leisure in the compilation 

 of elaborate folios. The Philosophical Transactions of the 

 Royal Society and the Journal des Scavans both began publica- 

 tion in 1665 in magazine form, and thus both England and 

 France may claim to be the founders of the modern method 

 of publication, the general adoption of which in earlier times 

 would have stimulated inquiry and hastened the coming of 

 liberal and exact knowledge. We have therefore found it 

 necessary to prepare a graph to represent the years in which 

 the various societies and journals concerned more or less with 

 zoology published their first numbers (cf. fig. 10). The diagram 

 is based on the dates of foundation of 577 publications, but 



