590 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



it is true, maintained — which shows how important a part 

 France played in the final solution of the problem. Of the 

 remaining countries Italy, Holland, Russia, and Scandinavia 

 show steady progress, but Switzerland and Belgium a decline. 

 Austria enters late, but is active after 1845. The drop shown 

 in the graph after i860 (fig. 10) is due largely to a slackening 

 on the part of Germany and England. 



We may now resume consideration of fig. 1. Between 

 1 81 5 and 1835 anatomical research is in full flood. Then 

 follows the ebb, less rapid but still extraordinarily abrupt. 

 The rise in the birth-rate at 1770 brings the earlier years of a 

 large number of workers within this period. Posthumous 

 work by Lyonet, Camper, Stubbs, Pallas, and Jurine appears. 

 In the early years of the period we have striking works by 

 Poli, G. Cuvier, E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Home's Miscellaneous 

 Lectures (1814-28), and Bojanus' beautiful monograph on 

 the Tortoise (1 819-21). Other important names occurring 

 here are C. G. Carus, Lamarck, Scarpa, Goethe, Blumenbach, 

 Latreille, Wiedemann, Alex. Brongniart, Rusconi, Rudolphi, 

 Fischer von Waldheim, F. Cuvier, Chas. Bell, A. M. C. Dumeril, 

 G. Vrolik, Treviranus, Dutrochet, Blainville, Savigny, G. L. 

 Duvernoy, Froriep, Oken, Spix, Meckel, Chamisso, Tiedemann, 

 Nitzsch, Magendie, Alessandrini, Knox, Dufour, Rathke, 

 Audouin, A. F. Mayer, Serres, Jacobson, Laurillard, Breschet, 

 Eschscholtz, Desmoulins, Duges, and Zenker. Others at work 

 before 1835, but whose activities extended more or less con- 

 siderably beyond that date, are : Panizza, O. G. Costa, Straus- 

 Durckheim (whose work on the Cockchafer was published in 

 1828), Swan, von Baer, F. S. Leuckart, Delle Chiaje, Pander, 

 Valenciennes, Flourens, Grant, Rapp, Ehrenberg, E. H. Weber, 

 Macgillivray, A. A. Retzius, Dumortier, Eschricht, Savi, Diesing, 

 Milne Edwards, J. Miiller (whose first paper was published in 

 1822), Dujardin, W. Vrolik, Volkmann, Wiegmann, Barry, 

 van der Hoeven, J. F. Brandt, Newport, Berthold, Moquin- 

 Tandon, Schlegel, Siebold, Krohn, Owen, I. Geoffroy St. 

 Hilaire, R. Wagner, M. Sars, Westwood, Morren, L. Agassiz, 

 Bischoff, Burmeister, and Stannius. P. J. van Beneden and 

 Hyrtl published their first papers in 1835. Some of these 

 workers were very prolific. The stupendous energy of Owen 

 resulted in over 600 publications, L. Agassiz and Westwood 

 produced over 400, G. Cuvier, E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 



