THE HISTORY OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 593 



Germany take the largest part in the revival, Germany rather 

 in the earlier and France in the later phases. To a lesser 

 extent England, Holland, and Denmark are equally concerned, 

 and the activity of a single anatomist brings Switzerland into 

 the contest. Between 1650 and 1700 the first societies and 

 journals are founded in England, France, and Germany. During 

 the next fifty years, Holland, Russia, Italy, and Scandinavia 

 follow this example. The slackening between 1700 and 1750 

 is least evident in the German graph, but France, Italy, and 

 Holland perceptibly fall away. England still displays an 

 interrupted activity, and Denmark is almost submerged. Rus- 

 sia now makes her first appearance. From 1750 France 

 resumes and retains for some time the leading position, Germany 

 makes slow and almost continuous progress, England grows 

 spasmodically, Italy makes a remarkable recovery, and Russia 

 consolidates her position. Switzerland and Holland, after 

 renewed activity in the early years of the period, die out at 

 its close, but Denmark shows signs of advance. Between 

 1750 and 1800 there is remarkable activity in Germany in the 

 inauguration of societies and journals — in fact, Germany is 

 the first country to put this policy into effect on an extensive 

 scale. The nineteenth-century revival finds France still in 

 the van, but followed closely by Germany. Towards 181 5, 

 and in spite of Cuvier, she drops behind, and gives place to 

 Germany. This pocket in the neighbourhood of 181 5, the 

 obvious result of political stress, is to be found in the graphs 

 for England, France, Germany, and Italy. The year 1816 

 is remarkable as being a blank in the French record — the first 

 to occur since 1769, and the last. In all cases, however, the 

 rebound is immediate and abrupt, as if external events, even 

 of the gravest importance, produce but a transitory effect on 

 learning. The depression at about 1830 is very marked in 

 the French and German graphs, but is much less evident in 

 the English record. England lags behind both France and 

 Germany in the early years of the nineteenth-century revival, 

 but she reaches her maximum first, being followed in this 

 respect first by Germany and then by France. Similarly, in 

 the great decline which followed, a corresponding order is 

 maintained. Curiously enough all three begin to recover 

 at 1847, Dut again the German record is the best, for the 

 recovery is continued, whilst in the case of England and France, 

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