OUTLINES FROM THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION. 53 



plainly a humanist. In his opinion a study of the languages is most 

 important as an introduction to all knowledge. As respects the meth- 

 ods of learning these languages Rollin directly opposes scholasticism 

 and appeals to Nature. He is right in this, for, if Latin and Greek 

 are to be taught at all, they are to he taught naturally ; and if those 

 who advocate classical training as an essential part of every student's 

 education would do permanent work for their conviction, let them pre- 

 sent these languages naturally and philosophically. The opposition 

 to formalism based upon the spiritual nature was universal, and pro- 

 duced similar results in many lands. It was known among the Catho- 

 lics as Jansenism in the Netherlands and France, as Quietism in Italy 

 and Spain. It was known among the Protestants as Mysticism and 

 Pietism in Germany. The Protestant German representatives of this 

 reaction are B6hm, Spener, and Zinzendorf. A few lines from the 

 first of these men show the nature of mysticism and its relation to 

 education. Bohm writes : " Man is the image, life, and being, of the 

 uncaused God. In man's body is all Nature concentrated. The 

 soul is the outspoken word, as the power and understanding of all 

 being, as the revelation of Divine Reason. Man stands in the outward 

 world and bears in himself heaven and hell. As the spirit of eternity 

 has imaged all things, so the human spirit bodies itself forth in word, 

 for everything originates from one center. If I read myself, I read 

 God's book. We know Nature, because we stand in her and have her 

 in ourselves. We know God, because he is in us and we live in him. 

 God himself is our seeing and knowing— from God's seeing has sprung 

 my seeing." 



Such thorough-going opinion would not tolerate the faults of a dead 

 and formal training. Bohm saw the error from his point of view, and 

 hesitated not to speak : " The small boy who runs about in play is 

 full of the poison and iniquity of the devil, and all forms of vice inhere 

 in him. He is a mocker, a swearer, thoroughly prepared to serve the 

 devil in all his deeds. The shamelessness is the Latin on his tongue. 

 He knows how to imitate all the jesting words of the ancients. The 

 youth mock without consideration. Whoso fears God must be 

 their fool and jest. Their parents see these youth, and rejoice that 

 the boys are so skillful in their rascality." Mysticism, Quietism, Pie- 

 tism, are differing names for one and the same protest made by the 

 spirit against the letter. Since there never was a time in the history 

 of Protestantism when so direct an attempt was made to conduct edu- 

 cation according to the religious spirit, it may be wise to give this mat- 

 ter more thorough consideration. Pietism may be said to have been 

 established by Philip Jacob Spener, born at Rappoltsweiler in Elsass, 

 1635. We shall, as I think, best recognize his spirit and method by 

 the following sentences from his writings: " Before all things we should 

 hold fast the fundamental truth that Christianity does not show itself 

 in knowledge but in practice, and that the Christians must be led to 



