144 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



have been regular campaigns and pitched battles the metropolitan 

 troops bear the brunt of the fighting. Where there is a guerrilla war- 

 fare, as with the Australian blacks, it is carried on by the colonial 

 police or by the settlers, sometimes with the aid of the natives them- 

 selves. The Carthaginians built up their empire by native auxiliaries. 

 The French and English conquered Canada with the Hurons and Iro- 

 quois as auxiliaries. The English mastered New Zealand with Maoris 

 for allies, and defeated the Kaffirs with the help of the Fingoes (a 

 related variety of the Bantu race). Ehodesia was won by a force half 

 Kaffir. Peruvians aided Pizarro. India has been made British by 

 armies of which four fifths were Indian. A people, like a man, con- 

 tributes to its own subjugation. The expense is likewise distributed. 

 Fifty years of intermittent war with the Kaffirs cost Great Britain 

 twelve million pounds, and it may safely be assumed that a no smaller 

 sum was expended in New Zealand. The colonists honorably bear their 

 share. The premier of the latter colony told a London audience in 

 jubilee year that it was now cheerfully paying the interest on a debt 

 of eleven millions incurred in "holding the colony for the empire." 

 After a Kaffir war Cape Colony was saddled with a debt of three or 

 four millions. Other losses fall more directly on the settlers. Prob- 

 ably none have borne such disasters and so much suffering as the early 

 colonists of North America. The destruction of property in a single 

 New Zealand campaign amounted to £150,000, and the farmers on the 

 frontiers of Cape Colony have suffered far more severely, as those on the 

 frontier of Queensland are suffering now. If blood and money, poured 

 forth like water, can furnish conquest with a valid title to territory, not 

 a few British and French colonies have been justly annexed. 



The expansion of an organism or a species is determined also by 

 its struggle with other equal organisms or species which conflict with 

 it. The hardest fight is with individuals of the same or similar 

 species. So are rival colonizing powers usually more formidable oppo- 

 nents to the acquisition of a country than its indigenes. The Car- 

 thaginians were robbed of some of their colonies by the more numerous 

 Greeks, and the Greeks of many of theirs by the all-conquering Romans. 

 The Swedes lost a colony to the Dutch. The short but decisive strug- 

 gle between the Dutch and the English was followed by the loss of the 

 Dutch colonies in North America and the West Indies. In the eight- 

 tenth century, after every great war a group of colonies fell into the 

 hands of the victorious power. The West India Islands and those of 

 the Indian Ocean were for many years tossed as in a game of battledore 

 and shuttlecock between France and England. The possession of Can- 

 ada was a bone of contention between the two countries for several 

 decades. Seeley even maintains that the hundred years' war ending 

 in 1815 was a long rivalry between France and England for the New 



