COLONIES AND THE MOTHER COUNTRY. 253 



their colonies. While not even the armed persuasion of Cambyses 

 could induce Tyre to make war against Carthage, neither seems to 

 have helped the other in its need. Carthage fought savagely for 

 her Sicilian colonies, but in her own interests, not in theirs. Though 

 the ties between a Greek metropolis and her colonies were closer, the one 

 did not invariably defend the other. Corcyra refused the aid her 

 daughter city Epidaurus sought, and the latter had to find it in the 

 grandmother city of Corinth, who considered it her colony no less than 

 that of Corcyra. The Dorian city was celebrated for her typical 

 Greek patriotism, and she gladly assisted Syracuse to expel her Car- 

 thaginian conquerors. Rome fought for her colonies while her power 

 lasted. France and England fought for their colonies, or rather for the 

 possession of them, all through the eighteenth century. Spain has just 

 fought for her last colonies, but as much against the colonists as against 

 the foreign state that came to set them free. The mother country is 

 also at the cost of keeping her colonies in a state of defence. The 

 sum of £9,000 was in 1679 annually expended on the maintenance of 

 English soldiers in Virginia and two West Indian colonies, and £1,000 

 on the fortifications of New York. Troops were often dispatched to as- 

 sist the American colonies in special expeditions. The colonial military 

 expenditure of Great Britain in 1859 amounted to nearly £1,200,000. 

 In compliance with the findings of a Royal Commission, repeatedly re- 

 affirmed by resolutions of Parliament, to the effect that the self-govern- 

 ing colonies ought to suffice for their own military defense, the troops 

 were finally withdrawn in 1873, but she still maintains a garrison at 

 Halifax and in. Natal and a fleet in Australian waters, to which last the 

 adjacent colonies contribute a fraction. Most of the self-governing 

 colonies have at their own cost erected fortresses, and they maintain a 

 defensive force. Two of them have stationary ships of war. They are 

 willing and eager, moreover, to aid the mother country when she is in 

 difficulties. When England was embroiled in Egypt or danger threat- 

 ened in India and South Africa, several of these colonies offered to send, 

 and one actually sent, troops to engage in wars in which they were not 

 directly concerned. The head and the extremities are sometimes at 

 variance because their interests conflict. The heart of such an empire 

 is one. A stride has been taken toward organic unity. 



Animals evolve special organs for the nursing of their young, and 

 all colonizing countries seem to have created special departments 

 for the supervision of their colonies. As the lacteal glands are only 

 modified skin-glands, are in certain lower genera (the Monotremata) 

 at first without teats and only in higher species develop into true 

 mamma?, so the colonial department in the mother country is 

 originally a mere adaptation of existing agencies. A rather perfect 

 example of this stage is presented by the earliest of modern colonizing 



