TEE CONQUEST OF THE TROPICS. 543 



once; others axe years in learning, and meanwhile suffer from sickness 

 and distress. 



New conditions must be met in every country new to the pioneer, 

 whether the country is in temperate or hot latitudes. In opening up 

 a new country to settlement, it is the severe labors, the exposure, the 

 meagre diet, the anxiety, the general hard conditions of life, which 

 undermine the general system and make the body an almost unresisting 

 victim to the germs of malaria and other diseases. It is not the climate 

 in new countries, but the hard conditions of life, which kill the settlers. 



So, in the recent war with Spain, bad conditions in the northern 

 camps, uncleanliness of person due to lack of water, over-exertion in 

 practice marches, sleeping on the ground, change of food, overcrowding 

 in tents preventing restful sleep, unsanitary conditions on transports, 

 caused the men to be landed in the Tropics in an extremely bad con- 

 dition of body. Landing in the rainy season, opening the earth to form 

 trenches for defence and about their tents, sleeping upon the damp 

 ground, with a deficient and unbalanced ration, with no change of 

 clothes for nearly three months, it is no wonder that many became sick. 

 But the sickness was not due to the climate at all. It was due to the 

 hard conditions in the home camps, and to hard conditions during the 

 campaigns in the islands. 



It is said that the heat, the rains and the insects of the Tropics are 

 certainly unbearable by a white person from the temperate latitudes. 

 But these things are magnified by the distance from which they are 

 viewed. So far as the tropical lands recently acquired by the United 

 States are concerned, they are not elements to be dreaded. 



These lands are all Oceanic Islands. Surrounded by immense areas 

 of water, they have an unvarying, or slightly varying, temperature. 

 They are warm the whole year round, while never hot. In all these 

 Islands the midday temperature is about 80° Fahrenheit. At 

 night it falls to 75° or even to 70°; in the mountains still lower, de- 

 pending upon the elevation. 



But this heat is moderated by sea breezes. Except for about an 

 hour in the morning, there is a breeze the whole day long, which tem- 

 pers the heat. Sunstroke is unknown. No bad conditions arising from 

 the heat have been seen in Porto Eico. The nights are always so cool 

 that refreshing sleep may be obtained, and the effect of the sun is tem- 

 pered by clouds, which shade the earth nearly all summer. 



All the islands have mountains which may be reached in a few hours, 

 where the climate of the temperate latitudes may be enjoyed by those 

 desiring the change. 



The tropical rains are no serious drawback. They fall at a fixed 

 time each day, usually from two to four o'clock in the afternoon. 

 They are much like heavy June showers in the States, unaccompanied 



