FHOPOSUB DUAL ORGANIZATION OF MANKIND. 439 



North America, in the belief that wages will thus be raised, and 

 that, if they are, a great advantage will be produced for the wages 

 class. We have also a project before us to inclose all America 

 in a barrier within which an arbitrary circulation of silver 

 money may be secured, all relations with the money of the rest 

 of the world being cut off. That these doctrines and projects all 

 hang together, and are all coherent with the political notion of 

 the dual division of the world, is obvious. The common element 

 is in the narrow and distorted view of what is true and possible 

 and desirable in social and economic affairs. 



We have had before us, since the revolt of the English North 

 American colonies, another conception of the organization of 

 human society which is to come out of the extension of civiliza- 

 tion to the outlying continents. It is, in fact, now imbedded in 

 international law and in the diplomacy of civilized states. That 

 is why the advocates of the Monroe doctrine have been forced to 

 meet the argument that their doctrine was not in international 

 law by new spinnings of political metaphysics. They have to try 

 to cover the fact that the Monroe doctrine is an attempt by the 

 United States to define the rights of other nations. The mod- 

 ern conception, however, is that the states of the world are all 

 united in a family of nations whose rights and duties toward each 

 other are embodied in a code of international law. All states 

 may be admitted into this family of nations whenever they accept 

 this code, whether they have previously been considered " civil- 

 ized " or not. The code itself is a product of the reasoning and 

 moral convictions of civilized states, and it grows by precedents 

 and usages, as cases arise for the application of the general prin- 

 ciples which have been accepted as sound, because they conduce 

 to peace, harmony, and smooth progress of affairs. The code has 

 undergone its best developments in connection with the spread of 

 enlightenment and the extension of industrialism. This is the 

 only conception of the relation of parts of the human race to each 

 other which is consistent with civilization, and which is worthy 

 of the enlightenment of our age. Any " doctrine " which is not 

 consistent with it will sooner or later be set aside through the 

 suffering of those who adhere to it. 



The citizens of Philadelphia have been reminded by Mr. B. E. Fernow, 

 of the Bui-eau of Forestry, that that city possesses a forestry reserve of 

 thirteen thousand acres in Centre County, Pa. It was given to the city by 

 Dr. Ellas Boudiuot, President of the First Continental Congress, as a trust 

 fund for the supply of fuel to poor persons at cost prices. It has been neg- 

 lected, and much of the timber has been stolen or destroyed ; but the work 

 of reforestation was begun in 1888, and has been continued as means have 

 permitted. 



