PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION. 467 



lar army, and number — officers and men — about a hundred and 

 twenty-five thousand ; those between the ages of thirty-two and 

 forty-four constitute the Landwehr (militia), and number about 

 eighty-four thousand. Thus, while no great army seems to exist 

 in Switzerland, the whole able-bodied male population of the 

 country can readily be made into an army. The natural de- 

 fenses of the country have been utilized to the best advantage, 

 and great care has been expended upon numerous defensive works 

 on the frontiers. No Canton may have more than three hundred 

 men under arms. If disputes arise between Cantons they shall 

 abstain from all recourse to violence or arms, and shall submit 

 themselves to the decision taken upon these disputes in conformity 

 with federal regulations. That is to say, in case of necessity the 

 Federal Council summons the Assembly to act ; or it may demand 

 the aid of other Cantons, which are bound to give it, or it is au- 

 thorized to raise troops and employ them on condition of imme- 

 diately summoning the Cantonal Councils if the number of troops 

 raised should exceed two thousand, or if they remain under arms 

 more than three weeks. 



Other articles of the Constitution regulate the military train- 

 ing and employment of citizens ; the power of the Federal author- 

 ities in regard to public works; the maintenance of free, com- 

 pulsory, and non sectarian education ; the principles of taxation 

 and cantonal tariffs, consistently with general free trade; the 

 right of domicile ; municipal and communal rights, and the gen- 

 eral toleration of religious belief and worship. Nevertheless, the 

 Order of Jesuits and the societies affiliated therewith may not be 

 admitted into any part of Switzerland ; and all intervention by 

 their members in the church or in the schools is forbidden. " The 

 exercises of the Salvation Army fell under the laws of the mu- 

 nicipalities against nuisances ; the final judicial decision in this 

 case being in effect that while persons of every religious belief 

 are free to worship in Switzerland, none in so doing are free 

 seriously to annoy their neighbors.^' * Freedom of the press, 

 of local trial, and trial by jury are also guaranteed. Pre- 

 vious to 1848 the difi^erent Cantons conducted their postal serv- 

 ice by different methods ; but since that time its control and 

 management, together with that of the railway system of the 

 country, have become exclusive functions of the Federal Gov- 

 ernment. 



Attention is next asked to the Cantonal political organization 

 and government. Every Canton and demi-Canton is sovereign 

 and independent in local affairs and in all other matters that are 

 not limited by the Federal Constitution. In respect to their forms 



* J. B. Sullivan, The Commonwealth of Switzerland. 



