THE POPULATION OF THE EARTH. 403 



new issue, the statistics of the area and population of the various 

 divisions and subdivisions of Turkey in Europe, Asia, and Africa, 

 and of her tributary states, being given in minute detail, with 

 copious references to authorities. 



There are some curious and delicate estimates of the area of 

 Europe according to various calculations and within various 

 limits. Thus, according to Strelbitsky (who for several years 

 has been making elaborate calculations and measurements on 

 the subject), the area of Europe is 3,756,545 square miles, while 

 according to Wagner's estimate it is 3,755,493, a difference of 

 about 1,000 miles. But if to this we add Nova Zembla, Cis- 

 Caucasia, and Cis-Uralia, the Marmora Islands, and Iceland, we 

 get, according to Strelbitsky, 3,865,417 square miles, and accord- 

 ing to Wagner, 3,865,279, a difference of only 138 miles. Again, 

 if we take Europe within the limits of administrative divisions 

 we obtain an area of 3,836,913, but this includes Iceland, Nova 

 Zembla, the Canaries, and Madeira, making 79,165 square miles. 

 Here comes in the question as to what are the natural boundaries 

 of Europe, a question to which Drs, Wagner and Supan briefly 

 refer. They regard as outside of Europe the Canaries, Madeira, 

 the Azores, and the Marmora Islands. The inclusion or otherwise 

 of Iceland, Spitzbergen, and Nova Zembla, will make a difference 

 of 103,093 square miles ; while there will be a further difference 

 of 434,750 square miles depending on the limits adopted for the 

 eastern boundary of Europe. Europe in the narrowest sense, 

 according to these highly competent authorities, covers 3,570,030 

 square miles. This excludes the polar islands, and draws the 

 boundary of eastern Europe along the crest of the Urals and the 

 line of the Manytch River, thus excluding the Caspian Steppe, 

 but including the Sea of Azoff. By including the polar islands 

 another 103,000 square miles would be added. If the Caspian 

 Steppe be included, the area of Europe would amount to 3,688,793, 

 or with the polar islands to 3,791,793 square miles. If the bound- 

 ary of eastern Europe be drawn along the Ural crest, the Ural 

 River, and the crest of the Caucasus, we obtain an area of 3,790,-- 

 504 square miles, or, including Iceland and Nova Zembla (Europe 

 in Strelbitsky's acceptation), the area is 3,866,605 square miles. 

 Finally, taking Europe in the widest sense, including the Ural 

 Mountains, the south slope of the Caucasus, the countries on the 

 east side of the Ural, and the steppe between the Ural River and 

 the Emba, we obtain an area of 3,988,618 square miles, or, with 

 the polar islands, about 4,093,000 square miles. 



For the section dealing with Asia, Herr B. Trognitz, a land 

 surveyor, has undertaken a new and elaborate calculation of the 

 area of the continent on the basis of the best maps at his com- 

 mand. Into the details of his methods it is unnecessary to 



