PERSONAL LIBERTY. 445 



tial incident to the enjoyment of life, liberty, and property tlian 

 the -unrestricted use of time which all may and must share alike 

 unless prevented by unlawful interference ? 



We may now observe a tendency in many arts, through the 

 progress of science and invention, to pass out of the great factory 

 so as to become again household industries under better conditions, 

 more favorable to production, and less arduous in their conduct 

 than these same branches of industry formerly were before sci- 

 ence and invention had come to their aid and had removed them 

 from the house to the factory. The application of water-power to 

 the conduct of the work in the factory rendered it necessary to 

 place the factory in the narrow valleys alongside the river below 

 the fall, and that tended to the concentration of great bodies of 

 men and women in the textile factory. When these branches of 

 industry were first established and were operated by water-power 

 on a large scale, such had been the arduous conditions of life 

 among the farmers of New England that the well-bred daughters 

 of these farmers found it expedient to go from the farm to the 

 factory, where they worked in low-studded, ill- ventilated, badly 

 lighted, and badly heated rooms fourteen hours a day for a meas- 

 ure of earnings only one half that which their successors secure to 

 their own enjoyment, working ten hours a day in a modern, high- 

 studded, well-ventilated factory. 



There has been a natural progress in saving time which is due 

 to the application of art and science to production. Science and 

 invention have shortened the hours of work in spite of the meddle- 

 some interference of statutes, and will continue to do so, paying 

 little regard to statute law except so far as restrictions upon the 

 use of time may put off the day rather than hasten it when the 

 hours of work may be shortened yet more. 



The application of steam and illuminating gas again tended to 

 concentrate great forces of men and women in the workshop and 

 in the factory and in the upper stories of city warehouses. The 

 power of steam can not be sent far distances. Illuminating gas 

 can only be carried in large pipes at light pressure on short lines. 

 This phase is passing. Profound changes are working. By means 

 of a wire, power, light, and the direction of the work can be carried 

 long distances. The power of the waterfall in the narrow gorge 

 where there is no room for a factory can be carried on the wire to 

 the far-away uplands, where under the best conditions of life the 

 workshops may be established. Fuel-gas distilled from coal by 

 the seaside or near the bank of the river may be carried in small 

 pipes at high pressure far away from the source where it is gen- 

 erated. 



We are just entering upon the period of rapid transit under- 

 neath the ground, by means of which men and women may be 



