NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 579 



peror of the East sent them to an Emperor of the West as the 

 most worthy of gifts. In the ninth century they were widely 

 made known in western Europe, and became a fruitful source of 

 thought, especially on the whole celestial hierarchy ; thus the old 

 ideas of astronomy were vastly developed; and the heavenly 

 hosts were classed and named in accordance with indications scat- 

 tered through the sacred Scriptures. 



The next of these three great theologians was Peter Lombard, 

 professor at the University of Paris. About the middle of the 

 twelfth century he gave forth his collection of "Sentences," or 

 Statements by the Fathers, and this remained until the end of the 

 middle ages the universal manual of theology. In it was espe- 

 cially developed the theological view of man's relation to the uni- 

 verse. The author tells the world : " Just as man is made for the 

 sake of God — that is, that he may serve Him, — so the universe is 

 made for the sake of man, — that is, that it may serve Jiim ; there- 

 fore is man placed at the middle point of the universe, that he 

 may both serve and be served.'' 



The vast significance of this view, and its power in resisting 

 any real astronomical science, we shall see, especially in the time 

 of Galileo. 



The great triad of thinkers culminated in St. Thomas Aquinas, 

 the sainted theologian, the glory of the mediaeval Church, the 

 " Angelic Doctor," the most marvelous intellect between Aristotle 

 and Newton ; he to whom it was believed that an image of the 

 Crucified had spoken words praising his writings. Large of mind, 

 strong, acute, yet just — even more than just — to his opponents, 

 he gave forth, in the latter half of the thirteenth century, his 

 Cyclopaedia of Theology, the " Summa." In this he carried the 

 sacred theory of the universe to its full development. With great 

 power and clearness he brought the whole vast system, material 

 and spiritual, into its relations to God and man.* 



Such was the vast system developed by these three leaders of 

 mediaeval thought ; and now came the man who wrought it yet 

 more deeply into European belief, the poet divinely inspired who 

 made the system part of the world's life. Under the touch of 

 Dante the empyrean and the concentric heavens, paradise, purga- 

 tory, and hell, were seen of all men ; the God Triune seated on his 

 throne upon the circle of the heavens as real as the Pope seated 



* For the contribution of the pseudo-Dionysius to mediaeval cosmology see Dion., Areo- 

 pagita, De Cselcst. hierarch. vers. Joan. Scoti, in Migne, Patr. Lat., cxxii. For the contri- 

 bution of Peter Lombard, see Pet. Lomb., Libr. Sent. II, i, 8 ; IV, i, 6, 7. For the citations 

 from St. Thomas Aquinas, see the Summa, ed. Migne, especially Qusest. LXX, tome i, pp. 

 11V4-1184:; also Quaest. XLVII, Art. iii. For good general statement, see Milman, Latin 

 Christianity, iv, 191 et seq ; and for relation of Cosmas to these theologians of western 

 Europe, see Milman, as above, viii, 228, note. 



