NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 591 



In vain did Galileo try to prove the existence of satellites by 

 showing them to the doubters through his telescope : they either 

 declared it impious to look, or, if they did look, denounced the 

 satellites as illusions from the devil. Good Father Clavius de- 

 clared that " to see satellites of Jupiter, men had to make an in- 

 strument which would create them." In vain did Galileo try to 

 save the great truths he had discovered by his letters to the 

 Benedictine Castelli and the Grand Duchess Christine, in which 

 he argued that literal biblical interpretation should not be applied 

 to science ; it was answered that such an argument only made 

 his heresy more detestable ; that he was " worse than Luther or 

 Calvin." 



The war on the Copernican theory, which up to that time had 

 been carried on quietly, now flamed forth. It was declared that 

 the doctrine was proved false by the standing still of the sun for 

 Joshua, by the declarations that " the foundations of the earth 

 are fixed so firm that they can not be moved," and that the sun 

 " runneth about from one end of the heavens to the other." * 



But the little telescope of Galileo still swept the heavens, and 

 another revelation was announced — the mountains and valleys in 

 the moon. This brought on another attack. It was declared that 

 this, and the statement that the moon shines by light reflected 

 from the sun, directly contradict the statement in Genesis that 

 the moon is " a great light." To make the matter worse, a painter, 

 placing the moon in a religious picture in its usual position be- 

 neath the feet of the Blessed Virgin, outlined on its surface mount- 

 ains and valleys ; this was' denounced as a sacrilege logically re- 

 sulting from the astronomer's heresy. 



Still another struggle was aroused when the hated telescope 

 revealed spots upon the sun, and their motion indicating the 

 sun's rotation. Monsignor Elci, head of the University of Pisa, 

 forbade the astronomer Castelli to mention these spots to his stu- 

 dents. Father Busaeus, at the University of Innspruck, forbade 



the heliocentric doctrine. As to its effects on Bacon, see Jevons, Principles of Science, 

 p. 638, as above. For argument drawn from the candlestick and seven churches, sec De- 

 lambre, p. 20. 



* For prmcipal points as given, see Libri, ITistoire des Sciences mathematiques en 

 Italic, vol. iv, p. 211 ; De Morgan, Paradoxes, p. 26, for account of Father Clavius. It is 

 interesting to know that Clavius, in his last years, acknowledged that " the whole system 

 of the heavens is broken down, and must be mended." Cantu, Histoire Universclle, vol. 

 XV, p. 478. See Th. Martin, Galilee, pp. 34, 208, and 266 ; also Heller, Geschichte der 

 Physik, Stuttgart, 1882, vol. i, p. 866. For the original documents, see L'Epinois, pp. 34 

 and 36. Martin's translation seems somewhat too free. See also, Gebler, Galileo Galilei, 

 English translation, London, 1879, pp. 76-78; also Gebler, Acten des Galileischen Process, 

 for careful copies of the documents ; also Reusch, Der Process Galilei's und die Jesuitcu, 

 Bonn, 1879, chapters ix, x, xi. See also full official text in L'Epinois, and also the ex- 

 tract given by Gebler, Galileo Galilei, p. 78. 



