DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN INDIA. 597 



the shadow of the Cathedral of Antwerp, the noted theologian, 

 Fromundus, gave forth his famous treatise, the Anti-Aristar- 

 chus. Its very title-page was a contemptuous insult to the mem- 

 ory of Copernicus, since it paraded the assumption that the 

 new truth was only an exploded theory of a pagan astronomer. 

 Fromundus declares that " sacred Scripture fights against the 

 Copernicans." To prove that the sun revolves about the earth he 

 cites the passage in the Psalms which speaks of the sun " which 

 cometh forth as a bridegroom out of his chamber." To prove 

 that the earth stands still, he quotes a passage from Ecclesiastes, 

 " The earth standeth fast forever." To show the utter futility of 

 the Copernican theory, he declares that if it were true, " the wind 

 would constantly blow from the east " ; and that " buildings and 

 the earth itself would fly off with such a rapid motion that men 

 would have to be provided with claws like cats to enable them to 

 hold fast to the earth's surface." Greatest weapon of all, he works 

 up, by the use of Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, a demonstra- 

 tion from theology and science combined, that the earth must 

 stand in the center, and that the sun must revolve about it.* 



DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN INDIA.f 



By JOHN LOCKWOOD KIPLING. 



PASSING from the free to the fettered, we come to a beast 

 which in India serves at once as an expression of wild lib- 

 erty, more complete than that of the monkey, and of utter and 

 abject slavery. For a wholly unmerited obloquy, relic of a dark 

 aboriginal superstition, is added to the burden of toil and hard 

 living. Yet there was once a time when in the nearer East, or 

 ever the horse was known, he was held in high honor, carved in 

 Assyrian sculptures, and reckoned a suitable steed for prophets 

 and kings. Even now, in Cairo, Damascus, and Bagdad, although 

 the Bedawi Arab pretends to despise him, he is regularly ridden 

 by respectable people. 



* For Father Inchofer's attack, see his Tractatus Syllepticus, cited in Galileo's let- 

 ter to Deodati, July 28, 1634. For Fromundus's more famous attack see his Anti-Aris- 

 tarchus, already cited, passim, but especially the heading of chapter vi, and the argument 

 in chapters x and xi. A copy of this work may be found in the Astor Library at New- 

 York, and another in the White Library at Cornell University. For interesting reference 

 to one of Fromundus's arguments, showing, by a mixture of mathematics and theology, 

 that the earth is the center of the universe, see Quetelet, Histoire des Sciences math^ma- 

 tiques et physiques, Bruxelles, 1864, p. 170; also Madler, Geschichte der Astronomic, 

 vol. i, p. 274. 



f Extracted from the author's recent book. Beast and Man in India, by the courtesy of 

 the publishers, Messrs. Macmillan & Co. , 



