SOCIAL STATISTICS OF CITIES. 613 



more miles of sewers than of streets. In 190 cities the population 

 to each mile of sewer is 1,815. 



The social statistics of cities already published comprehend 

 tables on the points which have been discussed ; and, further, as 

 stated, on the police and fire departments. In the latter two sec- 

 tions the chief interest relates to the cost of each force. Selecting 

 some of the salient features relative to the police, it is interesting 

 to learn that in New York there are 72-65 patrolmen to each square 

 mile of territory, while in Chicago there are but 9'08, in Philadel- 

 phia 11-01, in Brooklyn 34-01, in St. Louis 8-72, in Boston 19-25, in 

 Baltimore 21-81, in San Francisco 21-73, in Cincinnati 16, in Cleve- 

 land 10-13, in New Orleans 4-66, and in Washington 35-64. 



The criminal conditions as indicated by arrests, if arrests be a 

 fair indication, are shown by the following facts : In New York 

 the number of arrests to each patrolman is 25-53, in Chicago 27*37, 

 in Philadelphia 35-09, in Brooklyn 31-52, in St. Louis 32-98, in Bos- 

 ton 48-41, in Baltimore 42-96, in San Francisco 69-68, in Cincinnati 

 35, in Cleveland 29-76, in Buffalo 41, in New Orleans 86-71, and in 

 Washington 48-71. 



The question as to what a man receives for the taxes he is 

 called upon to pay is not only an exceedingly interesting one 

 from an economic point of view, but of real, vital consequence to 

 the welfare of the people. I have therefore constructed an en- 

 tirely new table from the various tables already reported by the 

 census, showing the average cost per head of population in the 

 fifty cities named for the construction and repairs of streets, for 

 street-cleaning, for lamps of all kinds, for the maintenance and 

 repairs of sewers, for the police force, for the fire department, and 

 for water, with a total which all these items of expenditure make 

 for each inhabitant in the fifty cities named. (See table on fol- 

 lowing page.) 



The averages in the tables from which the foregoing is drawn 

 are, as I understand it, for the ten years ending January 1, 1890, 

 except in some cases where municipal governments have been of 

 recent growth, in which cases the averages are for the years dur- 

 ing which the work has been carried on. It is evident, however, 

 that the averages have been very carefully worked out, and repre- 

 sent more forcibly than any statements heretofore published the 

 cost in the great branches of city government in the cities named. 

 I hope in some future paper to add the cost of the educational 

 work of the cities, and some other features, so as to show the 

 exact expenditures which one has to make for the maintenance 

 of the various branches of city affairs. It must be remembered 

 that the average cost per head of population, as shown in the last 

 table, represents the cost to each man, woman, and child. It must 

 also be remembered that the cost is not paid directly, in accord- 



