56 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



ornaments, and these are frequently attached to the person. Man 

 in civilization still wears ornament " when he is a warrior, an offi- 

 cer, or a courtier." In all these cases we simply have survival of 

 ornament in these conservative relations. 



(b) The search for ornament is as universal as the social ine- 

 quality from wliicli it has been derived. We have seen that in its 

 very beginnings ornament was a distinction. It was intended to 

 mark a man from his fellows as one who had done what others 

 had not accomplished. As the mark of social inequality it will 

 exist wherever class distinctions are recognized. 



(c) Jeivelry in ornament tends to grow more and more delicate 

 ivitli advancing civilization, and finally disappears as social dis- 

 tinctions vanish. The first part of the proposition is shown by 

 history. Ornament may be traced in Egypt, Greece, and Rome, 

 and wherever there is actual progress toward true civilization 

 ornament dwindles. The proposition as a whole grows out of the 

 preceding. There is no place for ornaments in a true democracy 

 where equality prevails. A revival of ornament indicates the 

 retardation of democratic ideas. 



{d) In our first lecture we referred to mutilations made to 

 admit of ornament-carrying. We saw that ears, noses, cheeks, 

 lips, and other parts are or have been pierced for insertion of orna- 

 ments. These mutilations tend to disappear with advancement, and 

 those tuhich are most painful disappear first. The least painful of 

 these is ear-piercing, and we know that it still lingers in many 

 cases where all other mutilations have disappeared. 



(e) In orjiament as in dress we find much in the way of sur- 

 vival that is interesting. Mougeolles claims that in the various 

 head ornaments used as emblems of rank or power we have bits 

 of history. He maintains that in very ancient Egyj^t masks were 

 worn by hunters and warriors of the heads of slain animals. These 

 are represented upon gods and goddesses in the bas-reliefs. The 

 most commonly represented are made from heads of lions, jackals, 

 etc. Isis wears a beef's head. Dog-headed figures are common. 

 These animal head-dresses copied in other material continue in 

 use, and, gradually conventionalized, lose their original form. He 

 believes the crown was derived from a lion's head, the miter from 

 that of a jackal, the Greek helmet from a horse's head. 



(/) Notice the importance, in its results, of ptersonal vanity. 

 Without it we believe that man would have remained low in civ- 

 ilization. To the desire to mark himself off from his fellows by a 

 visible sign we owe dress development ; to it we owe a long list 

 of important arts, chief among tliem perhaps that of metal-work- 

 ing ; to it we owe much of the scientific method of studying the 

 world around us : for, impelled liy it, man first began to investi- 

 gate Nature, beyond what was necessary to secure a food-supply 



